{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:42:16Z","timestamp":1760060536699,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JDC2022-048637-I","101024347","21\/RC\/10294_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDC2022-048637-I","101024347","21\/RC\/10294_P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["JDC2022-048637-I","101024347","21\/RC\/10294_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDC2022-048637-I","101024347","21\/RC\/10294_P2"]}]},{"name":"Taighde \u00c9ireann\u2014Research Ireland","award":["JDC2022-048637-I","101024347","21\/RC\/10294_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDC2022-048637-I","101024347","21\/RC\/10294_P2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beyond the potential role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers, their participation in different biological and pathological processes observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) such as neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and remyelination, makes them suitable candidates for therapeutic applications in neurorepair. Most studies addressing this reparative approach have been carried out using in vitro or in vivo model systems. However, functional differences between murine and human cells within the central nervous system (CNS) have been described, and certain mechanisms are distinctive in humans. The development of human models to investigate therapeutic interventions in neurological conditions including MS should be a priority to avoid failures. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the advances in reparative therapeutic strategies for MS, including miRNAs and human models. We also discuss their benefits, the likely challenges they face and comment on possible mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T10:27:12Z","timestamp":1757500032000},"page":"8740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Molecules to Models: miRNAs and Advanced Human Platforms of Neurodegeneration and Repair in Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7249-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-San Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Inflammation Group Ireland (BIGie), School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen\u2019s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla & Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Cardenal Herrera Oria s\/n, 39011 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"de la Guerra-Sasi\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla & Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Cardenal Herrera Oria s\/n, 39011 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"G\u00e1rate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla & Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. 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Cardenal Herrera Oria s\/n, 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen\u2019s Green, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1583","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1583","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Mey","year":"2023","journal-title":"WIREs Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis Worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, Third Edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. 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