{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:56:35Z","timestamp":1784919395766,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Charles University, Czech Republic (Cooperatio Program, research area NEUR)","award":["DRO\u2014UHHK 00179906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRO\u2014UHHK 00179906"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","award":["DRO\u2014UHHK 00179906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRO\u2014UHHK 00179906"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transition from relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) is characterized by an increasing neurodegenerative component. Identifying biomarkers that distinguish these disease stages is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment optimization. This study aimed to compare serum levels of progranulin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), and neurofilaments between RRMS and SPMS patients and to investigate their correlation with clinical characteristics, including disability measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). This observational study included 118 MS patients (63 RRMS and 55 SPMS). Serum biomarker levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analyses included group comparisons using non-parametric tests and correlation analyses using Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient with multiple testing corrections. While demographic and clinical parameters significantly differed between groups (p &lt; 0.001), biomarker levels showed no statistically significant differences (p &gt; 0.05). However, in SPMS patients, SEMA3A correlated positively with neurofilaments (r = 0.359, p = 0.007), and progranulin correlated with IL-6 (r = 0.354, p = 0.008). No significant biomarker correlations with EDSS were found. Although absolute biomarker levels did not distinguish RRMS from SPMS, specific biomarker correlations may reflect processes relevant to disease progression and warrant further longitudinal validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T10:27:12Z","timestamp":1757500032000},"page":"8750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Prognostic Role of Neurofilaments and SEMA3A in Multiple Sclerosis Progression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1772-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zby\u0161ek","family":"Pavelek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, 50005 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3137-4200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Sou\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, 50005 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Krejsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, 50005 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Sou\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, 50005 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Popovi\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, 50005 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Maty\u00e1\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, 50005 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8071-2005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luk\u00e1\u0161","family":"Sob\u00ed\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis, s.r.o., 14000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Novotn\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012323","article-title":"Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: New Insights","volume":"97","author":"Cree","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2250228","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202250228","article-title":"Emerging Imaging and Liquid Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"53","author":"Gill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. 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