{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:45:46Z","timestamp":1790991946062,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Government"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The production of green nanomaterials has drawn considerable interest lately in the fields of tissue engineering and biomedicine. Thus, the environmentally friendly synthesis of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles (NPs) utilizing orange peel extract as a natural capping and reducing agent is the main focus of this study. Our comprehensive approach allows for a direct and systematic comparison of physicochemical attributes, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity under identical experimental circumstances, in contrast to other research that looked at individual nanoparticles under different conditions. The produced nanoparticles were characterized by techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA, and zeta potential assessment. MG-63 osteoblast-like cells, primary human dermal fibroblast BJ cells, and murine fibroblast L929 cells were used to evaluate biocompatibility using the MTT assay. The results showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity, especially above 25 \u00b5g\/mL. Furthermore, both qualitative (growth inhibition zone diameter) and quantitative (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) techniques were used to assess the antimicrobial efficacy against Candida albicans and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. According to the obtained results, ZnO NPs showed broad-spectrum efficacy, whereas CuO NPs showed excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., S. aureus, MIC = 0.313 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL). The study highlights the potential of green-synthesized nanoparticles for utilization in biomedical applications, and it stresses the need for additional mechanistic research, including ROS measurement, to completely understand how they work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T10:27:12Z","timestamp":1757500032000},"page":"8781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Orange Peel-Mediated Green Synthesis of ZnO and CuO Nanoparticles: Evaluation for Antimicrobial Activity and Biocompatibility in Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6099-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denisa-Maria","family":"Radulescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3197-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionela Andreea","family":"Neacsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2267-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan Stefan","family":"Vasile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Romanian Academy of Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Materials, Products and Processes, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4207-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile-Adrian","family":"Surdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8145-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu-Cristian","family":"Oprea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Romanian Academy of Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana-Doina","family":"Trusca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8695-6884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Chircov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana Cristina","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Physics, National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering Horia Hulubei, Reactorului 30, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5504-5156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia-Ioana","family":"Ilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia-Mara","family":"Ditu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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