{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:05:03Z","timestamp":1792789503172,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Project of the State Order of the Government of Russian Federation to Moscow State University","award":["121032500080-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121032500080-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative movement disorder caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra. The motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease only become apparent in the late stages, whereas non-motor impairments often manifest earlier. Therefore, devising adequate experimental models to study the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease is of fundamental scientific importance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the behavioral and neurochemical characteristics in a model of the premotor stage of parkinsonism in mice induced by chronic administration of a low dose of methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine MPTP. Administering 3 mg\/kg of the toxin for 35 days does not cause motor deficits, except in fine motor skills, and results in impaired spatial learning. In addition, this stage is characterized by the depletion of striatum and prefrontal cortex dopamine, decreased tyrosine hydroxylase in striatum and Substantia nigra, increased cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase expression, and microglia activation. Concluding, the presented model made it possible to identify a complex of physiological and neurochemical disorders characteristic of the early stage of Parkinsonism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T15:10:46Z","timestamp":1757603446000},"page":"8856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessment of the Behavioral and Neurochemical Characteristics in a Mice Model of the Premotor Stage of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Induced by Chronic Administration of a Low Dose of MPTP"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yulia A.","family":"Timoshina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia K.","family":"Pavlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry N.","family":"Voronkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6888-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis A.","family":"Abaimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7388-3914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander V.","family":"Latanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Research Institute for Brain Development and Peak Performance, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana N.","family":"Fedorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101834","article-title":"Premotor, nonmotor and motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A new clinical state of the art","volume":"84","author":"Sallem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. 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