{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:24:44Z","timestamp":1782491084317,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AGH University of Science and Technology","award":["program \u201cExcellence initiative-research university\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["program \u201cExcellence initiative-research university\u201d"]}]},{"name":"AGH University of Science and Technology","award":["UMO-2020\/36\/C\/ST5\/00510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2020\/36\/C\/ST5\/00510"]}]},{"name":"Polish National Science Centre (NCN)","award":["program \u201cExcellence initiative-research university\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["program \u201cExcellence initiative-research university\u201d"]}]},{"name":"Polish National Science Centre (NCN)","award":["UMO-2020\/36\/C\/ST5\/00510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2020\/36\/C\/ST5\/00510"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel voltammetric sensor was constructed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode with a composite material consisting of platinum\u2013nickel-doped tin oxide and carbon black (PtNiSnO2-CB\/GCE), enabling highly sensitive differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) determination of trazodone HCl (TRZ). The DPV experimental parameters, including the composition of the supporting electrolyte and instrumental settings, were carefully optimized to achieve maximum analytical efficiency. Within the linear range of 1\u201310 \u00b5M, quantification of TRZ molecules could be performed without the preconcentration step. When applying a 60 s accumulation time (in the range 0.02\u20130.2 \u00b5M of TRZ), the detection limit reached 4.1 nM (1.67 mg L\u22121), indicating superior sensitivity compared to previously reported voltammetric techniques. The method demonstrated good reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation of 4.3% for 10 repeated measurements at 0.06 \u00b5M TRZ. The developed sensor exhibits excellent stability, simplicity of fabrication, and operational convenience. Its practical applicability was confirmed by the successful analysis of molecules of TRZ in diverse sample types, including pharmaceutical products, urine, plasma, river water, and artificial gastric and intestinal fluids, with recovery rates between 97.7% and 104.2%. Flow injection analysis (FIA) with amperometric detection was also performed for TRZ molecule determination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T15:10:46Z","timestamp":1757603446000},"page":"8861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["PtNiSnO2 Nanoframes as Advanced Electrode Modifiers for Ultrasensitive Detection of Trazodone in Complex Matrices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1393-9458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Suchanek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3814-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Krakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0256-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Szmuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Exact and Technical Sciences, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1 St., 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2078-9980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"\u0141ukowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7941-426X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Zambrzycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, AGH University of Krak\u00f3w, A. Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9551-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Piech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-023-00465-y","article-title":"Role of Trazodone in Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: An Update","volume":"22","author":"Fagiolini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. 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