{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:03:30Z","timestamp":1790654610774,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/STG01\/UMT\/02\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/STG01\/UMT\/02\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) represents a major global health challenge, characterised by progressive neurodegeneration that leads to cognitive decline. Inflammation is a key factor in the pathogenesis of AD, affecting both neuroinflammation and systemic inflammation. In AD, neuroinflammation is marked by the activation of microglia and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which exacerbate neuronal damage and cognitive deficits. Systemic inflammation further compromises the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB), increasing its permeability and permitting the entry of inflammatory molecules and immune cells into the brain, thereby advancing the disease\u2019s hallmark features. Recent studies have elucidated the influence of gut microbiota dysbiosis on AD and inflammation. This imbalance is thought to be associated with alterations in the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids, which can modulate neuroinflammation and contribute to AD pathology. Additionally, imbalances in neurotransmitters resulting from gut microbiota dysbiosis can further disrupt brain function and facilitate AD progression. This review provides an overview of the hypothesis that systemic and central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, together with gut-microbiota dysbiosis, may interact to influence the development and progression of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T12:34:03Z","timestamp":1757680443000},"page":"8905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Interplay of Inflammation and Gut-Microbiota Dysbiosis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hanis Nabilah","family":"Abdol Samat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7725-0353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurul Nadirah","family":"Razali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8226-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazlina","family":"Mahadzir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengku Sifzizul","family":"Tengku Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3968-7263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"King-Hwa","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing (MyAgeing<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Izzati","family":"Mansor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4458-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahidee Zainal","family":"Abidin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia"},{"name":"Research Interest Group Biological Security and Sustainability (BIOSES), Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Sidhu, J., Lui, F., and Tsao, J.W. 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