{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T12:13:52Z","timestamp":1778933632447,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["U01 CA176067-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA176067-01A1"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["CA-16359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA-16359"]}]},{"name":"Deborah Bunn Alley Foundation","award":["U01 CA176067-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA176067-01A1"]}]},{"name":"Deborah Bunn Alley Foundation","award":["CA-16359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA-16359"]}]},{"name":"Domenic Cicchetti Foundation","award":["U01 CA176067-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA176067-01A1"]}]},{"name":"Domenic Cicchetti Foundation","award":["CA-16359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA-16359"]}]},{"name":"Discovery to Cure Foundation and the Guido Berlucchi Foundation","award":["U01 CA176067-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA176067-01A1"]}]},{"name":"Discovery to Cure Foundation and the Guido Berlucchi Foundation","award":["CA-16359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA-16359"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010582","name":"NCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 CA176067-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA176067-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010582","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010582","name":"NCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA-16359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA-16359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010582","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Verastem Oncology","award":["U01 CA176067-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA176067-01A1"]}]},{"name":"Verastem Oncology","award":["CA-16359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA-16359"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-grade-serous ovarian carcinomas (LGSOC) are rare tumors characterized by a high recurrence rate and limited treatment options. Most LGSOC are estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and demonstrate alterations in the RAS\/MAPK pathway. Avutometinib is a dual RAF\/MEK clamp, whereas defactinib and VS-4718 are focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors. Fulvestrant is an ER antagonist\/degrader. We assessed the preclinical efficacy of fulvestrant, avutometinib + VS-4718 (FAKi), and the triple combination in a chemotherapy\/aromatase inhibitor-resistant LGSOC patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) model. Tissue obtained from a LGSOC patient wild-type for KRAS\/NRAS\/BRAF mutations in progression after chemotherapy\/anastrozole was transplanted into female CB17\/lcrHsd-Prkdc\/SCID mice (PDX-OVA(K)250). The animals were treated with either saline\/control, fulvestrant, avutometinib\/FAKi, or the triple combination of avutometinib\/FAKi\/fulvestrant. Avutometinib and FAKi were given five-days on and two-days off through oral gavage. Fulvestrant was administered subcutaneously weekly. Mechanistic studies were performed ex vivo using Western blot assays. Animals treated with the triple combination demonstrated stronger tumor growth inhibition compared to all the other experimental groups including control\/saline (p &lt; 0.001), single-agent fulvestrant (p = 0.04 from day eight and onwards), and avutometinib\/FAKi (p = 0.02 from day 18). Median survival for mice treated with saline\/control was 29 days while mice in all other experimental groups were alive at day 60 (p &lt; 0.0001). Treatment was well tolerated across all experimental treatments. By Western blot, exposure of OVA(K)250 to the triple combination demonstrated a decrease in phosphorylated MEK (p-MEK) and p-ERK levels. The addition of fulvestrant to avutometinib\/FAKi is well tolerated in vivo and enhances the antitumor activity of avutometinib\/FAKi in a LGSOC-PDX model with acquired resistance to chemotherapy\/aromatase inhibitors. These results support the clinical evaluation of avutometinib\/defactinib in combination with fulvestrant or an aromatase inhibitor in patients with recurrent LGSOC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T07:33:02Z","timestamp":1758007982000},"page":"8924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preclinical Efficacy of the Estrogen Receptor Degrader Fulvestrant in Combination with RAF\/MEK Clamp Avutometinib and FAK Inhibitor in a Low-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Animal Model with Acquired Resistance to Chemotherapy and Aromatase Inhibitor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7073-2819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cem","family":"Demirkiran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5909-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Bellone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2439-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria M.","family":"Ettorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miranda","family":"Mansolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias Max Philipp","family":"Hartwich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0228-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blair","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Greenman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0522-9053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Yang-Hartwich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ratner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niccol\u00f3 G.","family":"Santin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-3338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Namrata","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9704-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Coma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verastem Oncology, 117 Kendrick Street, Suite 500, Needham, MA 02494, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Pachter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verastem Oncology, 117 Kendrick Street, Suite 500, Needham, MA 02494, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ottum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4724-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro D.","family":"Santin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2019.11.122","article-title":"Evolving population-based 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