{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:51:18Z","timestamp":1790286678624,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Insulin resistance is a condition of impaired tissue reactivity to insulin. This state is primarily associated with obesity and the lifestyle of modern Western societies, which favors abnormalities of glucose and lipid homeostasis. As a result, more and more people suffer from illnesses that develop because of the disturbed metabolic function of insulin, including type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovarian syndrome. There are many studies describing the relationship between declining sensitivity to insulin and insufficient physical activity or unhealthy dietary habits. However, there is a vast number of other factors that may contribute to the development of this condition. In recent years, more attention has been paid to environmental pollutants as promoters of insulin resistance. As the overall grade of waste accumulation in the environment rises, factors like toxic metals, pesticides, dust, harmful gases and micro- or nanoplastics are starting to pose an increasingly serious threat in the context of metabolic disorder development. This review gathers data concerning the influence of the mentioned pollutants on the metabolic health of living organisms, with particular emphasis on the impact on carbohydrate processing, insulin resistance and molecular pathways associated with these processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T08:56:46Z","timestamp":1758013006000},"page":"8979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Environmental Insults to Glucose Metabolism: The Role of Pollutants in Insulin Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6799-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"M\u0142ynarska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3529-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Grabarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6985-7008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Leszto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4262-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Luba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3769-0101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Motor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0995-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Sosi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Rysz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Franczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0280","article-title":"Insulin Resistance: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01418-2","article-title":"100 years of insulin: Celebrating the past, present and future of diabetes therapy","volume":"27","author":"Sims","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01073-0","article-title":"Trends in insulin resistance: Insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papakonstantinou, E., Oikonomou, C., Nychas, G., and Dimitriadis, G.D. (2022). Effects of Diet, Lifestyle, Chrononutrition and Alternative Dietary Interventions on Postprandial Glycemia and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040823"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9240569","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9240569","article-title":"Association of Insulin Resistance and Elevated Androgen Levels with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): A Review of Literature","volume":"2022","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.2014.0010","article-title":"Insulinooporno\u015b\u0107 a choroby tarczycy","volume":"65","author":"Gierach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00063.2017","article-title":"Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance","volume":"98","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, S.T., Greenway, F., Tucker, T.R., Alexander, M., Jackson, L.K., Hepford, S.A., Loveridge, B., and Lakey, J.R.T. (2023). A Receptor Story: Insulin Resistance Pathophysiology and Physiologic Insulin Resensitization\u2019s Role as a Treatment Modality. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310927"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lennicke, C., and Cochem\u00e9, H.M. (2021). Redox regulation of the insulin signalling pathway. Redox Biol., 42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101964"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul-Ghani, M.A., and DeFronzo, R.A. (2010). Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2010.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/476279"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172657","article-title":"Liver and insulin resistance: New wine in old bottle!!!","volume":"862","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, B., Sultana, R., and Greene, M.W. (2021). Adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese. Biomed. Pharmacother., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111315"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666200217123901","article-title":"Chronic Tobacco Exposure by Smoking Develops Insulin Resistance","volume":"20","author":"Mukharjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord.-Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, F.O., and Conde, S.V. (2022). Impact of Diet Composition on Insulin Resistance. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183716"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kojta, I., Chaci\u0144ska, M., and B\u0142achnio-Zabielska, A. (2020). Obesity, Bioactive Lipids, and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Insulin Resistance. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051305"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurkovi\u010dov\u00e1, J., Hiro\u0161ov\u00e1, K., Vondrov\u00e1, D., Samoh\u00fdl, M., \u0160tef\u00e1nikov\u00e1, Z., Filov\u00e1, A., Kach\u00fatov\u00e1, I., Babjakov\u00e1, J., and Argal\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1, \u013d. (2021). The Prevalence of Insulin Resistance and the Associated Risk Factors in a Sample of 14\u201318-Year-Old Slovak Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18030909"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haverinen, E., Fernandez, M.F., Mustieles, V., and Tolonen, H. (2021). Metabolic Syndrome and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: An Overview of Exposure and Health Effects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413047"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-015-0339-z","article-title":"Drug-Induced Hyperglycaemia and Diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Fathallah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-017-0602-9","article-title":"Casey The Association Between Artificial Sweeteners and Obesity","volume":"19","author":"Pearlman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang, J., Yang, M., Zhang, X., Ruan, H., Qin, G., Fu, J., Shen, Z., Tan, A., Li, R., and Moore, J. (2018). Associations of Exposure to Air Pollution with Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112593"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2025, August 28). Compendium of WHO and Other UN Guidance on Health and Environment (2024 Update). Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/378095\/9789240095380-eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.10.001","article-title":"Metabolism disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders","volume":"68","author":"Heindel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0053","article-title":"Social Determinants of Health and Diabetes: A Scientific Review","volume":"44","author":"Adler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2025, August 28). Identification of Risks from Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals at the Country Level. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/344588\/9789289050142-eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4324","article-title":"Estimating Burden and Disease Costs of Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in the European Union","volume":"100","author":"Trasande","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30129-7","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Implications for human health","volume":"8","author":"Kahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108447","article-title":"The mixed effect of Endocrine-Disrupting chemicals on biological age Acceleration: Unveiling the mechanism and potential intervention target","volume":"184","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.02.018","article-title":"Endocrine disrupters as obesogens","volume":"304","author":"Blumberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R87","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0578","article-title":"Obesity and endocrine-disrupting chemicals","volume":"10","author":"Amato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108569","article-title":"Exposure to environmental toxicants is associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis, insulin resistance and obesity","volume":"186","author":"Sen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, M., Gatasheh, M.K., Alshuniaber, M.A., Krishnamoorthy, R., Rajagopal, P., Krishnamoorthy, K., Periyasamy, V., Veeraraghavan, V.P., and Jayaraman, S. (2022). Impact of Glyphosate on the Development of Insulin Resistance in Experimental Diabetic Rats: Role of NF\u03baB Signalling Pathways. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122436"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158218","article-title":"Mixed exposure to phenol, parabens, pesticides, and phthalates and insulin resistance in NHANES: A mixture approach","volume":"851","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19496","article-title":"Environmental pollutants and their effects on human health","volume":"9","author":"Shetty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2025, July 21). WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide: Executive Summary. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240034433."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.120885","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution exposure and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic umbrella review and meta-analysis","volume":"269","author":"Parasin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115909","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of insulin resistance: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"271","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106383","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: A national cross-sectional study in China","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilles, L., Govarts, E., Rodriguez Martin, L., Andersson, A.-M., Appenzeller, B.M.R., Barbone, F., Casta\u00f1o, A., Coertjens, D., Den Hond, E., and Dzhedzheia, V. (2022). Harmonization of Human Biomonitoring Studies in Europe: Characteristics of the HBM4EU-Aligned Studies Participants. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116787"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1997.10464074","article-title":"Fine Particles and Coarse Particles: Concentration Relationships Relevant to Epidemiologic Studies","volume":"47","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109424","article-title":"Oxidative potential of urban PM2.5 in relation to chemical composition: Importance of fossil driven sources","volume":"198","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026796","article-title":"Particulate Matter Exposure and Stress Hormone Levels","volume":"136","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.041","article-title":"Short-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution and genome-wide DNA methylation: A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.05.019","article-title":"ASXL2 Regulates Glucose, Lipid, and Skeletal Homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Izawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027007","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP9688","article-title":"PM2.5 and Serum Metabolome and Insulin Resistance, Potential Mediation by the Gut Microbiome: A Population-Based Panel Study of Older Adults in China","volume":"130","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.05.024","article-title":"Obesogens and Obesity: State-of-the-Science and Future Directions Summary from a Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptors Strategies Workshop","volume":"118","author":"Heindel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003369","article-title":"Black Carbon as an Additional Indicator of the Adverse Health Effects of Airborne Particles Compared with PM 10 and PM 2.5","volume":"119","author":"Janssen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144369","article-title":"Impact of the wood-burning Justa cookstove on fine particulate matter exposure: A stepped-wedge randomized trial in rural Honduras","volume":"767","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"057021","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP15095","article-title":"Impact of the Wood-Burning Justa Cookstove on Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c): A Stepped-Wedge Randomized Trial in Rural Honduras","volume":"133","author":"Young","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00143905","article-title":"Short-term effects of nitrogen dioxide on mortality: An analysis within the APHEA project","volume":"27","author":"Samoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13527","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-36508-y","article-title":"Air pollution and its role in the rising burden of type 2 diabetes in India: Urgent call for action","volume":"32","author":"Vasishta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128724","article-title":"Associations of long-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide with indicators of diabetes and dyslipidemia in China: A nationwide analysis","volume":"269","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"75","article-title":"Air pollutants and early origins of respiratory diseases","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chronic Dis. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12843","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-022-02592-0","article-title":"Immission levels and identification of sulfur dioxide sources in La Oroya city, Peruvian Andes","volume":"25","author":"Rosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2022-0237","article-title":"Effects of sulfur dioxide inhalation on human health: A review","volume":"39","author":"Khalaf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, S.E., Kwon, H., Yun, J.M., Min, K., Kim, H.-J., and Park, J.-H. (2022). Association between long-term air pollution exposure and insulin resistance independent of abdominal adiposity in Korean adults. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23324-4"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136768","article-title":"The role of telomere shortening in ambient ozone exposure-related insulin resistance","volume":"484","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121183","article-title":"Climate change and air pollution can amplify vulnerability of glucose metabolism: The mediating effects of biological aging","volume":"272","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.073","article-title":"Acarbose protects from central and peripheral metabolic imbalance induced by benzene exposure","volume":"89","author":"Debarba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8316835","article-title":"The Function of GRB2 in Linking the Insulin Receptor to Ras Signaling Pathways","volume":"260","author":"Skolnik","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.121","article-title":"Urinary benzene metabolite and insulin resistance in elderly adults","volume":"482\u2013483","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.35371\/kjoem.2011.23.4.387","article-title":"Relationship Between Urinary t, t-muconic Acid and Insulin Resistance in the Elderly","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy256","article-title":"Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds and Racial\/Ethnic Disparities in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Are Asian\/Pacific Islander Women at Greater Risk?","volume":"188","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1416","article-title":"Longitudinal Associations Between Ambient Air Pollution With Insulin Sensitivity, \u03b2-Cell Function, and Adiposity in Los Angeles Latino Children","volume":"66","author":"Alderete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7845","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45100496","article-title":"Gender Differences in Insulin Resistance: New Knowledge and Perspectives","volume":"45","author":"Ciarambino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3390\/diabetology5070050","article-title":"Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Resistance Are Affected by Sex and Gender and by the Combination of Smoking and Oral Contraceptives","volume":"5","author":"Tonolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P., Zhang, Z., and Luo, M. (2025). Relationship between air pollution exposure and insulin resistance in Chinese middle-aged and older populations: Evidence from Chinese cohort. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1551851"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119288","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and pesticides: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"305","author":"Lamat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108685","article-title":"Organophosphorus pesticides can influence the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes with concomitant metabolic changes","volume":"178","author":"Czajka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tudi, M., Daniel Ruan, H., Wang, L., Lyu, J., Sadler, R., Connell, D., Chu, C., and Phung, D.T. (2021). Agriculture Development, Pesticide Application and Its Impact on the Environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031112"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.11.015","article-title":"Persistent organochlorinated pesticides and mechanisms of their toxicity","volume":"307","author":"Mrema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009","article-title":"Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects","volume":"575","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2025, August 19). WHO: Exposure to Highly Hazardous Pesticides: A Major Public Health Concern. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-CED-PHE-EPE-19.4.6."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2412040","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.12040","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Chemical Mixtures and Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Children","volume":"7","author":"Stratakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00937.x","article-title":"Exposure to hexachlorobenzene during pregnancy increases the risk of overweight in children aged 6 years","volume":"97","author":"Smink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu046","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Obesity at 9 Years of Age in the CHAMACOS Study Cohort","volume":"179","author":"Warner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12325","article-title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, risk of type 2 diabetes, and diabetes-related metabolic traits: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2190","article-title":"Association Between Serum Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Insulin Resistance Among Nondiabetic Adults","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.09.066","article-title":"Associations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in visceral vs. subcutaneous adipose tissue with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2012.45.2.62","article-title":"Interaction Between Persistent Organic Pollutants and C-reactive Protein in Estimating Insulin Resistance Among Non-diabetic Adults","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2016.1246391","article-title":"Increased blood levels of persistent organic pollutants (POP) in obese individuals after weight loss\u2014A review","volume":"20","author":"Jansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-024-01098-8","article-title":"Associations between urine glyphosate levels and metabolic health risks: Insights from a large cross-sectional population-based study","volume":"23","author":"Otaru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.11.001","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants in young adults and changes in glucose related metabolism over a 23-year follow-up","volume":"137","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2033","article-title":"Novel Metabolic Markers for the Risk of Diabetes Development in American Indians","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113389","article-title":"Exposure to organophosphates in association with the development of insulin resistance: Evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies","volume":"168","author":"Seesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121370","article-title":"Adult exposure of atrazine alone or in combination with carbohydrate diet hastens the onset\/progression of type 2 diabetes in Drosophila","volume":"316","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, S., Ahn, S.Y., Song, I.C., Chung, M.H., Jang, H.C., Park, K.S., Lee, K.-U., Pak, Y.K., and Lee, H.K. (2009). Chronic Exposure to the Herbicide, Atrazine, Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005186"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-2076-9","article-title":"Exposures to arsenite and methylarsonite produce insulin resistance and impair insulin-dependent glycogen metabolism in hepatocytes","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.11.047","article-title":"Exposure to permethrin promotes high fat diet-induced weight gain and insulin resistance in male C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"111","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.07.053","article-title":"Permethrin alters glucose metabolism in conjunction with high fat diet by potentiating insulin resistance and decreases voluntary activities in female C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"108","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9293","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04322","article-title":"Imidacloprid Promotes High Fat Diet-Induced Adiposity and Insulin Resistance in Male C57BL\/6J Mice","volume":"64","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2018.09.014","article-title":"Sub-toxic exposure to lindane activates redox sensitive kinases and impairs insulin signaling in muscle cell culture: The possible mechanism of lindane-induced insulin resistance","volume":"54","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-018-0379-x","article-title":"Effect of sub-toxic chlorpyrifos on redox sensitive kinases and insulin signaling in rat L6 myotubes","volume":"17","author":"Shrestha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2019.1668545","article-title":"Exposure to heavy metals from point pollution sources and risk of incident type 2 diabetes among women: A prospective cohort analysis","volume":"31","author":"Hendryx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13797","article-title":"Effects of multi-metal exposure on the risk of diabetes mellitus among people aged 40\u201375\u2009years in rural areas in southwest China","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001233","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001233","article-title":"Urinary metals and incident diabetes in midlife women: Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation (SWAN)","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2014-0009","article-title":"Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals","volume":"7","author":"Jaishankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1998.3895","article-title":"Variation in Blood Concentrations of Cadmium and Lead in the Elderly","volume":"80","author":"Pedersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(98)90182-2","article-title":"Mobilization of lead from the skeleton during the postnatal period is larger than during pregnancy","volume":"131","author":"Gulson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"719","article-title":"Both the environment and genes are important for concentrations of cadmium and lead in blood","volume":"108","author":"Vahter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/00984100050195152","article-title":"Gender differences in developmental immunotoxicity to lead in the chicken: Analysis following a single early low-level exposure in ovo","volume":"61","author":"Bunn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390152543708","article-title":"Gender-based profiles of developmental immunotoxicity to lead in the rat: Assessment in juveniles and adults","volume":"64","author":"Bunn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(02)00380-6","article-title":"Determinants of inorganic arsenic methylation capability among residents of the Lanyang Basin, Taiwan: Arsenic and selenium exposure and alcohol consumption","volume":"137","author":"Hsueh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgg018","article-title":"Induction of oxidative DNA damage by arsenite and its trivalent and pentavalent methylated metabolites in cultured human cells and isolated DNA","volume":"24","author":"Schwerdtle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgg181","article-title":"Induction of tumors of the liver, lung, ovary and adrenal in adult mice after brief maternal gestational exposure to inorganic arsenic: Promotional effects of postnatal phorbol ester exposure on hepatic and pulmonary, but not dermal cancers","volume":"25","author":"Waalkes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(02)00022-4","article-title":"Transplacental carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic in the drinking water: Induction of hepatic, ovarian, pulmonary, and adrenal tumors in mice","volume":"186","author":"Waalkes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jana, K., Jana, S., and Samanta, P.K. (2006). Effects of chronic exposure to sodium arsenite on hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular activities in adult rats: Possible an estrogenic mode of action. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-4-9"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.2.284","article-title":"Cadmium Exposure in Pregnancy and Lactation in Relation to Iron Status","volume":"92","author":"Berglund","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2002.4338","article-title":"Metals and Women\u2019s Health","volume":"88","author":"Vahter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl005","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Estradiol and Cadmium in Adult Female Rats","volume":"92","author":"Pillet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"867","article-title":"Cadmium, mercury, and lead in kidney cortex of the general Swedish population: A study of biopsies from living kidney donors","volume":"107","author":"Svalander","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)01356-4","article-title":"Mitochondria from females exhibit higher antioxidant gene expression and lower oxidative damage than males","volume":"34","author":"Sastre","year":"2003","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107213","article-title":"Dietary intakes of dioxins and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and breast cancer risk in 9 European countries","volume":"163","author":"Fiolet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.09.009","article-title":"Sex-specific effects of developmental lead exposure on the immune-neuroendocrine network","volume":"334","author":"Lawrence","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.10.033","article-title":"MAP kinase signalling cascades and transcriptional regulation","volume":"513","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.11.001","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms involved in lead induced disruption of hepatic and pancreatic glucose metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Mostafalou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.10.007","article-title":"Lead (Pb) exposure promotes diabetes in obese rodents","volume":"39","author":"Tyrrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130111","article-title":"Low-level lead exposure promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and contributes to the elevation of fasting glucose level","volume":"276","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-024-02066-4","article-title":"Associations of insulin sensitivity and immune inflammatory responses with child blood lead (Pb) and PM2.5 exposure at an e-waste recycling area during the COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"46","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3896147","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3896147","article-title":"High Mobility Group Box-1: A Missing Link between Diabetes and Its Complications","volume":"2016","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21549","article-title":"HMGB1 is secreted by 3T3-L1 adipocytes through JNK signaling and the secretion is partially inhibited by adiponectin","volume":"24","author":"Shimizu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6396","article-title":"Gene expression of inflammatory molecules in circulating lymphocytes from arsenic-exposed human subjects","volume":"111","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(02)00084-X","article-title":"Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms of action","volume":"133","author":"Hughes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1643","article-title":"Induction of oxyradicals by arsenic: Implication for mechanism of genotoxicity","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/65.2.211","article-title":"Sodium Arsenite Inhibits and Reverses Expression of Adipogenic and Fat Cell-Specific Genes during in Vitro Adipogenesis","volume":"65","author":"Wauson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8551","article-title":"Arsenic Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of the Experimental and Epidemiologic Evidence","volume":"114","author":"Silbergeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-2231","article-title":"Association of Water Arsenic With Incident Diabetes in U.S. Adults: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Strong Heart Study","volume":"47","author":"Spaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03919-2","article-title":"Association Between Arsenic Toxicity, AS3MT Gene Polymorphism and Onset of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"202","author":"Shokat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.021101185","article-title":"Cadmium in blood and urine--impact of sex, age, dietary intake, iron status, and former smoking--association of renal effects","volume":"110","author":"Olsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500554","article-title":"Update of US FDA\u2019s Total Diet Study food list and diets","volume":"17","author":"Egan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.04.020","article-title":"Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem","volume":"238","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.224","article-title":"The role of cadmium in obesity and diabetes","volume":"601\u2013602","author":"Tinkov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146359","article-title":"Adipose tissue cadmium concentrations as a potential risk factor for insulin resistance and future type 2 diabetes mellitus in GraMo adult cohort","volume":"780","author":"Vrhovnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422415000098","article-title":"Obesity and diabetes: The link between adipose tissue dysfunction and glucose homeostasis","volume":"28","author":"Abranches","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.114","article-title":"Levels and determinants of adipose tissue cadmium concentrations in an adult cohort from Southern Spain","volume":"670","author":"Vrhovnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-019-00839-8","article-title":"Cadmium in Human Diseases: It\u2019s More than Just a Mere Metal","volume":"34","author":"Fatima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6422","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4316","article-title":"Effect of cadmium on the expression levels of interleukin-1\u03b1 and interleukin-10 cytokines in human lung cells","volume":"12","author":"Odewumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.10.024","article-title":"Quercetin modulates OTA-induced oxidative stress and redox signalling in HepG2 cells\u2014Up regulation of Nrf2 expression and down regulation of NF-\u03baB and COX-2","volume":"1840","author":"Ramyaa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0145-y","article-title":"The environmental pollutant cadmium induces homeostasis alteration in muscle cells in vitro","volume":"37","author":"Papa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.239.25","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Dysfunction Associated with Cadmium Exposure: Beneficial Effects of Curcumin and Tetrahydrocurcumin","volume":"239","author":"Kukongviriyapan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2.468","article-title":"Urinary Cadmium, Impaired Fasting Glucose, and Diabetes in the NHANES III","volume":"26","author":"Schwartz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4161\/isl.23101","article-title":"Accumulation of cadmium in insulin-producing \u03b2 cells","volume":"4","author":"Raja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Islets"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18714","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7078-2","article-title":"Blood cadmium in Chinese adults and its relationships with diabetes and obesity","volume":"23","author":"Nie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacquet, A., Cottet-Rousselle, C., Arnaud, J., Julien Saint Amand, K., Ben Messaoud, R., L\u00e9non, M., Demeilliers, C., and Moulis, J.-M. (2018). Mitochondrial Morphology and Function of the Pancreatic \u03b2-Cells INS-1 Model upon Chronic Exposure to Sub-Lethal Cadmium Doses. Toxics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics6020020"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2019.152252","article-title":"Cadmium exposure induces pancreatic \u03b2-cell death via a Ca2+-triggered JNK\/CHOP-related apoptotic signaling pathway","volume":"425","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mauvais-Jarvis, F. (2015). Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity. Biol. Sex Differ., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-015-0033-y"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2007.12.021","article-title":"Evaluation of status of toxic metals in biological samples of diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"80","author":"Afridi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little, B.B., Reilly, R., Walsh, B., and Vu, G.T. (2020). Cadmium Is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in a Superfund Site Lead Smelter Community in Dallas, Texas. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124558"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.11.005","article-title":"Cadmium exposure in relation to insulin production, insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional and prospective study in women","volume":"121","author":"Barregard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Born\u00e9, Y., Fagerberg, B., Persson, M., Sallsten, G., Forsgard, N., Hedblad, B., Barregard, L., and Engstr\u00f6m, G. (2014). Cadmium Exposure and Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus\u2014Results from the Malm\u00f6 Diet and Cancer Study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112277"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19272","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04943-3","article-title":"Evaluation of the association between urinary cadmium levels below threshold limits and the risk of diabetes mellitus: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.04.038","article-title":"Is mercury exposure causing diabetes, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance? A systematic review of the literature","volume":"156","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-013-0891-8","article-title":"Reference levels of blood mercury and association with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults","volume":"87","author":"Eom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.05.005","article-title":"Effects of methyl mercury on the activity and gene expression of mouse Langerhans islets and glucose metabolism","volume":"93","author":"Maqbool","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0029","article-title":"The Role of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase\/Akt Signaling in Low-Dose Mercury\u2013Induced Mouse Pancreatic \u03b2-Cell Dysfunction In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.09.084","article-title":"Simultaneous exposure of non-diabetics to high levels of dioxins and mercury increases their risk of insulin resistance","volume":"185","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4158\/EP10131.OR","article-title":"Chromium Effects on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Sensitivity in Persons at Risk for Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Ali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.148","article-title":"Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: A meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Althuis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0996","article-title":"Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism and Lipids","volume":"30","author":"Balk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vajdi, M., Khajeh, M., Safaei, E., Moeinolsadat, S., Mousavi, S., Seyedhosseini-Ghaheh, H., Abbasalizad-Farhangi, M., and Askari, G. (2024). Effects of chromium supplementation on body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes: A dose-response systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 81.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127338"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010.03.004","article-title":"Cr(VI) induces mitochondrial-mediated and caspase-dependent apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated p53 activation in JB6 Cl41 cells","volume":"245","author":"Son","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1021\/tx200251t","article-title":"Chromium in Drinking Water: Sources, Metabolism, and Cancer Risks","volume":"24","author":"Zhitkovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00378-5","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and oxidative mechanisms of different forms of chromium","volume":"180","author":"Bagchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118535","article-title":"The potential impact of nano- and microplastics on human health: Understanding human health risks","volume":"251","author":"Winiarska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bora, S.S., Gogoi, R., Sharma, M.R., Borah, M.P., Deka, P., Bora, J., Naorem, R.S., Das, J., and Teli, A.B. (2024). Microplastics and human health: Unveiling the gut microbiome disruption and chronic disease risks. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1492759"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.125700","article-title":"Microplastic migration and transformation pathways and exposure health risks","volume":"368","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22843","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c09524","article-title":"Effects of Microplastic Exposure on Human Digestive, Reproductive, and Respiratory Health: A Rapid Systematic Review","volume":"58","author":"Chartres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, J.-H., Kim, J.-W., Pham, T.D., Tarafdar, A., Hong, S., Chun, S.-H., Lee, S.-H., Kang, D.-Y., Kim, J.-Y., and Kim, S.-B. (2020). Microplastics in Food: A Review on Analytical Methods and Challenges. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186710"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2019.1585581","article-title":"Microplastics in coastal areas and seafood: Implications for food safety","volume":"36","author":"Hantoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172577","article-title":"Microplastic and PTFE contamination of food from cookware","volume":"929","author":"Cole","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35022","article-title":"Beyond the food on your plate: Investigating sources of microplastic contamination in home kitchens","volume":"10","author":"Snekkevik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Dietary and Inhalation Exposure to Nano- and Microplastic Particles and Potential Implications for Human Health, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/362049\/9789240054608-eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-021-01589-9","article-title":"The potential effects of microplastics on human health: What is known and what is unknown","volume":"51","author":"Blackburn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roh, Y., Kim, J., Song, H., Seol, A., Kim, T., Park, E., Park, K., Lim, S., Wang, S., and Jung, Y. (2024). Impact of the Oral Administration of Polystyrene Microplastics on Hepatic Lipid, Glucose, and Amino Acid Metabolism in C57BL\/6Korl and C57BL\/6-Lepem1hwl\/Korl Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094964"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107273","article-title":"Disturbed Gut-Liver axis indicating oral exposure to polystyrene microplastic potentially increases the risk of insulin resistance","volume":"164","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116492","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics disturb maternal glucose homeostasis and induce adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"279","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano, N., Renukdas, N., Fischer, H., Shrivastava, J., Baruah, K., Egnew, N., and Sinha, A.K. (2020). Differential modulation of oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, histomorphology, ion-regulation and growth marker gene expression in goldfish (Carassius auratus) following exposure to different dose of virgin microplastics. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 238.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2020.108862"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2478\/enr-2023-0009","article-title":"IGF-1 and IGFBP3 as indirect markers of hepatic insulin resistance and their relation to metabolic syndrome parameters in liver steatosis patients","volume":"57","author":"Fraenkel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Regul."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152514","article-title":"Combined effects of polystyrene microplastics and cadmium on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and GH\/IGF axis in zebrafish early life stages","volume":"813","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127589","article-title":"Particles rather than released Zn2+ from ZnO nanoparticles aggravate microplastics toxicity in early stages of exposed zebrafish and their unexposed offspring","volume":"424","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128917","article-title":"Intestinal mitochondrial unfolded protein response induced by nanoplastic particles in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"267","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118585","article-title":"Microplastics induce insulin resistance by causing mitochondrial dysfunction associated with mROS in skeletal muscle in vitro","volume":"302","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2025.100549","article-title":"Mixtures of polystyrene micro and nanoplastics affects fat and glucose metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and zebrafish larvae","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132607","article-title":"Effects of oral administration of polystyrene nanoplastics on plasma glucose metabolism in mice","volume":"288","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2023.02.040","article-title":"Polystyrene nanoplastics induce glycolipid metabolism disorder via NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathway in mice","volume":"137","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155937","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastic exposure induces insulin resistance in mice via dysbacteriosis and pro-inflammation","volume":"838","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113239","article-title":"Polystyrene bead ingestion promotes adiposity and cardiometabolic disease in mice","volume":"232","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, A.G., Kang, S., Yoon, H.J., Im, S., Oh, S.J., and Pak, Y.K. (2023). Polystyrene Microplastics Exacerbate Systemic Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512421"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113642","article-title":"The effect and a mechanistic evaluation of polystyrene nanoplastics on a mouse model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"173","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-024-00582-w","article-title":"Polystyrene nanoplastics with different functional groups and charges have different impacts on type 2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"3108","article-title":"Airborne Nanoplastics Exposure Inducing Irreversible Glucose Increase and Complete Hepatic Insulin Resistance","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24125","article-title":"Combined exposure to lead and microplastics increased risk of glucose metabolism in mice via the Nrf2\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"39","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.125144","article-title":"Investigating the impact of nanoplastics in altering the efficacy of clarithromycin antibiotics through In vitro studies","volume":"363","author":"Pani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00330-1","article-title":"Potential mechanisms and modifications of dietary antioxidants on the associations between co-exposure to plastic additives and diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154194","article-title":"Nanoplastics disrupt hepatic lipid metabolism via the inhibition of PPAR\u03b3: A study based on digestive system exposure","volume":"516","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9334","article-title":"Using Biomarkers to Inform Cumulative Risk Assessment","volume":"115","author":"Ryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/cpph.19","article-title":"Biomarkers\u2014A General Review","volume":"76","author":"Aronson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021315","article-title":"The Exposome: Molecules to Populations","volume":"59","author":"Niedzwiecki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106941","article-title":"A review of environmental metabolism disrupting chemicals and effect biomarkers associating disease risks: Where exposomics meets metabolomics","volume":"158","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-025-00761-6","article-title":"Advancing translational exposomics: Bridging genome, exposome and personalized medicine","volume":"19","author":"Sarigiannis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323673","article-title":"Understanding the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Context of Cumulative Exposomic Impacts","volume":"134","author":"Khraishah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). Health Impact Assessment (HIA), WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/health-impact-assessments."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Zhang, W., Lu, Z., Zhang, F., and Ding, W. (2017). Airborne PM2.5-Induced Hepatic Insulin Resistance by Nrf2\/JNK-Mediated Signaling Pathway. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070787"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Qiu, W., Liao, R., Cao, W., Huang, F., Wang, X., Li, M., and Li, Y. (2025). Subacute PM2.5 Exposure Induces Hepatic Insulin Resistance Through Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020812"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filardo, S., Di Pietro, M., Protano, C., Antonucci, A., Vitali, M., and Sessa, R. (2022). Impact of Air Pollution on the Composition and Diversity of Human Gut Microbiota in General and Vulnerable Populations: A Systematic Review. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10100579"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clementi, E., Talusan, A., Vaidyanathan, S., Veerappan, A., Mikhail, M., Ostrofsky, D., Crowley, G., Kim, J., Kwon, S., and No-lan, A. (2019). Metabolic Syndrome and Air Pollution: A Narrative Review of Their Cardiopulmonary Effects. Toxics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics7010006"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00eerbu, C.A., Stefan, I., Dumitru, R., Mitrica, M., Manole, A.M., Vasile, T.M., Stefani, C., and Ranetti, A.E. (2022). Air Pollution and Its Devastating Effects on the Central Nervous System. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10071170"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojchevski, R., Chandrasekaran, P., Hadzi-Petrushev, N., Mladenov, M., and Avtanski, D. (2024). Adipose Tissue Dysfunction Related to Climate Change and Air Pollution: Understanding the Metabolic Consequences. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147849"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/18\/8979\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:45:57Z","timestamp":1760035557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/18\/8979"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"references-count":207,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26188979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26188979","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]}}}