{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T16:15:40Z","timestamp":1782836140129,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DOD CDMRP","award":["Award W81XWH20-0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Award W81XWH20-0523"]}]},{"name":"Krupp Endowment Research Fund Award","award":["Award W81XWH20-0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Award W81XWH20-0523"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although Gulf War Illness (GWI), fibromyalgia (FM), myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS) and long COVID have distinct origins, in this article we have reviewed evidence that these disorders comprise a group of so-called low-energy associated disorders with overlapping common symptoms underlying pathology. In particular, evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, immune dysregulation, neuroendocrine dysfunction, disrupted brain\u2013gut-microbiome axis, apoptosis\/ferroptosis and telomere shortening as common features in the pathogenesis of these disorders has been identified. Given the role of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in promoting normal mitochondrial function, as an antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic and antiferroptotic agent, there is a rationale for supplementary CoQ10 in the management of these disorders. The reported benefits of supplementary CoQ10 administration in GWI, FM, ME\/CFS and long COVID have been reviewed; the potential benefit of supplementary CoQ10 in reducing telomere shortening and improving the efficiency of stem cell transfer relevant has also been identified as promising therapeutic strategies in these disorders. This review advances beyond previous systematic reviews and consensus statements on overlapping similar symptoms and underlying biological pathomechanisms in these complex disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T11:00:00Z","timestamp":1758106800000},"page":"9044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Gulf War Illness, Fibromyalgia, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long COVID Overlap in Common Symptoms and Underlying Biological Mechanisms: Implications for Future Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Mantle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharma Nord (UK) Ltd., Morpeth NE61 2DB, Northumberland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6356-0836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan Carles","family":"Domingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4454-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice Alexandra","family":"Golomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2481-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Castro-Marrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Research Unit in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long COVID, Division of Rheumatology Research, Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Research Institute, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-013-0356-5","article-title":"Worldwide epidemiology of fibromyalgia","volume":"17","author":"Queiroz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. 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