{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T20:59:31Z","timestamp":1784581171905,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.25.167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.25.167"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interaction between tumor cells and stroma in urological malignancies is governed by secreted and damage-associated factors that promote angiogenesis, immune modulation, and metastasis. This review synthesizes current evidence on six biomarkers\u2014GDF15, VEGF, TGF-\u03b21, HSP90, HMGB1, and S100A9\u2014detailing their biological functions and clinical implications. We discuss GDF15\u2019s roles in metabolic stress and immune regulation, VEGF\u2019s central role in neovascularization, and TGF-\u03b21\u2019s dualistic tumor-suppressive and promotive effects. We then examine damage-associated molecular patterns, highlighting HSP90\u2019s extracellular immunomodulation, HMGB1\u2019s signaling via pattern-recognition receptors, and S100A9\u2019s pro-inflammatory activity through RAGE and Toll-like receptors. Comparative analyses across renal cell carcinoma and bladder cancer cohorts elucidate each marker\u2019s diagnostic accuracy, prognostic value, and predictive capacity for targeted therapies. Notably, GDF15 and HSP90 correlate with ferroptosis susceptibility in RCC and urinary VEGF with HMGB1 increases the chances of non-invasive bladder cancer detection. We suggest that multiplexed biomarker panels could enhance early detection, risk stratification, and personalized treatment in urological oncology. We advocate for prospective studies to validate thresholds, clarify interactions, and improve clinical integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T14:45:46Z","timestamp":1758206746000},"page":"9130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Emerging Biomarkers in Urological Cancers: Angiogenesis and Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8011-2183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper Robert","family":"Karpiuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1453-8501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"M\u0142ynarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4438-9110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Matowicka-Karna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Darewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, June 29). 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