{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:29:42Z","timestamp":1792178982763,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Forestry Science and Technology Innovation and Extension Project","award":["LYKJ [2024]01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LYKJ [2024]01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a medicinal and edible homologous substance, ginkgo seeds\u2019 historical application in headache management, documented from Diannan Materia Medica to contemporary clinical practice, is based on empirical evidence. This study employed network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the anti-migraine mechanisms of ginkgo seeds. In total, 10 related signal pathways (cancer pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase\u2013Protein Kinase B (PI3K-AKT) signaling pathway, etc.) and 10 hub genes were identified through Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, and in the inprotein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) network. Molecular docking results demonstrated that formononetin, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol in ginkgo seeds can interact with 10 core targets (average binding energy \u2264 \u22123.17 kcal\/mol). This study analyzed the related pathways and targets of ginkgo seeds in the treatment of migraines, as well as the docking test of small-molecule ligands and target protein receptors, which provides a reference with which to find and explore effective preventive health foods for migraines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T13:04:44Z","timestamp":1758546284000},"page":"9225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ginkgo Seed as Medicine\u2013Food Homology for Migraine: Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Zhifan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangyuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4381-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bolin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changsha 414000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3868-567X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erzheng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuliang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilazation of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30478-1","article-title":"Migraine","volume":"391","author":"Dodick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03837-3","article-title":"Current Update on Categorization of Migraine Subtypes on the Basis of Genetic Variation: A Systematic Review","volume":"61","author":"Goel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.01.112","article-title":"The Impact of Stress and Sex on Sympathetic Regulation of Dural Vessel Tone","volume":"20","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00328-4","article-title":"Migraine","volume":"8","author":"Ferrari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska, M., Prendecki, M., Piekut, T., Kozubski, W., and Dorszewska, J. (2021). Migraine: Calcium Channels and Glia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052688"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01547-8","article-title":"Genetics of migraine: Where are we now?","volume":"24","author":"Lange","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford, J., Liu, S., and Tao, F. (2022). Gut Microbiota and Migraine. Neurobiol. Pain., 11.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2022.100090"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-017-0628-6","article-title":"Treatment Update of Chronic Migraine","volume":"21","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104911","article-title":"The neuroprotective effects of formononetin: Signaling pathways and molecular targets","volume":"88","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-2901-1","article-title":"Usefulness of nutraceuticals in migraine prophylaxis","volume":"38","author":"Raimo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7260","article-title":"Redox Mechanisms in Migraine: Novel Therapeutics and Dietary Interventions","volume":"28","author":"Ferroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Sign."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31947-6","article-title":"Is targeting CGRP the right pathway to prevent migraine?","volume":"394","author":"Tessitore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e045405","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.045405","article-title":"The association between migraine genetic risk and dementia: A Mendelian randomization study: Genetics\/genetic factors of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Ackley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417728245","article-title":"Comparative effects of traditional Chinese and Western migraine medicines in an animal model of nociceptive trigeminovascular activation","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2019.103247","article-title":"The main active constituents and detoxification process of Ginkgo biloba seeds and their potential use in functional health foods","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.15616\/BSL.2017.23.2.138","article-title":"Hypocholesterolemic effect of Ginkgo biloba seeds extract from high fat diet mice","volume":"23","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Yu, Y.Y. (2017). Toxic and Active Compositions and the Intervention Effect on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease of Ginkgo Seeds. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Jiangsu University]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12395","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02823E","article-title":"Ginkgo seed extract promotes longevity and stress resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"696","article-title":"Network pharmacology: New opportunity for the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116384","article-title":"Network pharmacology and experimental verification to explore the anti-migraine mechanism of Yufeng Ningxin Tablet","volume":"310","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116306","article-title":"Network pharmacology, a promising approach to reveal the pharmacology mechanism of Chinese medicine formula","volume":"309","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106371","article-title":"Network pharmacology and experimental validation to reveal the target of matrine against PRRSV","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sariyer, E., Yakarsonmez Kocer, S., Dan\u0131\u015f, \u00d6., and Turgut-Balik, D. (2021). In vitro inhibition studies of coumarin derivatives on bos taurus enolase and elucidating their interaction by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and mmgb(pb)sa binding energy calculation. Bioorg. Chem., 110.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.104796"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7397","article-title":"Chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of quercitrin","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6020059","article-title":"Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of quercetin-3-methoxy-4\u2032-glucosyl-7-glucoside isolated from indian medicinal plant melothria heterophylla","volume":"6","author":"Arijit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220812122437","article-title":"The emerging role of quercetin in the treatment of chronic pain","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foudah, A., Devi, S., Alqarni, M., Salkini, M., Kumar, M., and Almalki, H. (2022). Quercetin Attenuates Nitroglycerin-Induced Migraine Headaches by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224871"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-012-9473-2","article-title":"Quercetin Inhibits IL-1\u03b2-Induced Proliferation and Production of MMPs, COX-2, and PGE2 by Rheumatoid Synovial Fibroblast","volume":"35","author":"Sung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harder, A., Onderwater, G., Dongen, R., Heijink, M., Zwet, E., Giera, M., Maagdenberg, A., and Terwindt, G. (2022). Prostaglandin-E2 levels over the course of glyceryl trinitrate provoked migraine attacks. Neurobiol. Pain, 13.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2022.100112"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, A., Ali, T., Rehman, S., Khan, M., Alam, S., Ikram, M., Muhammad, T., Saeed, K., Badshah, H., and Kim, M. (2018). Neuroprotective Effect of Quercetin Against the Detrimental Effects of LPS in the Adult Mouse Brain. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01383"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1500124","article-title":"The green tea polyphenolic catechin epigallocatechin gallate and neuroprotection","volume":"23","author":"Khalatbary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.31925\/farmacia.2019.5.23","article-title":"The effect of liposomal epigallocatechin gallate and metoclopramide hydrochloride co-administration","volume":"67","author":"Bulboaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5465","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00566F","article-title":"Effects of food formulation on bioavailability of phytosterols: Phytosterols structure, delivery carriers, and food matrix","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1273662","article-title":"\u03b2-Sitosterol Isolated from Cocoa Powder Functions to Increase Expression of Anti-Inflammatory Proteins in Trigeminal Neurons: Implications for Treatment of Migraine and TMJ Disorders","volume":"77","author":"An","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14892","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14892","article-title":"Effects of \u03b2-sitosterol on anxiety in migraine-induced rats: The role of oxidative\/nitrosative stress and mitochondrial function","volume":"30","author":"Vafaei","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10230","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2021.1940286","article-title":"In-silico evaluations of the isolated phytosterols from polygonum hydropiper L against BACE1 and MAO drug targets","volume":"40","author":"Ayaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, J., Wang, X.Q., and Tian, Z. (2022). Focusing on Formononetin: Recent Perspectives for its Neuroprotective Potentials. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.905898"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.06.016","article-title":"Formononetin inhibits neuroinflammation and increases estrogen receptor beta (ER\u03b2) protein expression in BV2 microglia","volume":"61","author":"Olajide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-010-0411-5","article-title":"Ginkgolide B complex efficacy for brief prophylaxis of migraine in school-aged children: An open-label study","volume":"32","author":"Esposito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-14-S1-P15","article-title":"Nutraceutical preparations in childhood migraine prophylaxis","volume":"14","author":"Carotenuto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2023.2205040","article-title":"Anticancer, antioxidant, ameliorative and therapeutic properties of kaempferol","volume":"26","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, G., Guan, Y.Y., Zhang, Z.L., Rahman, K., Wang, S.J., Zhou, S., Luan, X., and Zhang, H. (2020). Isorhamnetin: A review of pharmacological effects. Biomed. Pharmacother., 128.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110301"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, W., Huang, J.H., Wang, N., Tan, H.Y., Cheung, F., Chen, F.Y., and Feng, Y.B. (2019). Integrating Network Pharmacology and Pharmacological Evaluation for Deciphering the Action Mechanism of Herbal Formula Zuojin Pill in Suppressing Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01185"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.5.447","article-title":"Migraine attacks. Alleviation by an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis and action","volume":"26","author":"Vardi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-12-1103","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, and Aromatase Signaling in Inflammation and Mesothelioma","volume":"12","author":"Nuvoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"5528403","article-title":"Study on Mechanism of Jiawei Chaiqin Wendan Decoction in Treatment of Vestibular Migraine Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Technology","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strafella, C., Caputo, V., Termine, A., Fabrizio, C., Calvino, G., Megalizzi, D., Ruffo, P., Toppi, E., Banaj, N., and Bassi, A. (2022). Identification of Genetic Networks Reveals Complex Associations and Risk Trajectory Linking Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.821789"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03099-3","article-title":"Oroxin A alleviates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage by regulating ferroptosis and neuroinflammation","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2022-0246","article-title":"Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats\u2019 brain","volume":"20","author":"Othman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2020.101876","article-title":"Astaxanthin protects retinal ganglion cells from acute glaucoma via the Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Rosa, F., Zoia, C.P., Bazzini, C., Bolognini, A., Saresella, M., Conti, E., Ferrarese, C., Piancone, F., Marventano, I., and Galimberti, D. (2022). Modulation of MAPK- and PI3\/AKT-Dependent Autophagy Signaling by Stavudine (D4T) in PBMC of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11142180"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-01826-6","article-title":"Dependence of human cell survival and proliferation on the CASP3 prodomain","volume":"10","author":"Eskandari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01271-1","article-title":"Migraine and neuroinflammation: The inflammasome perspective","volume":"22","author":"Kursun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.09-056.Kraig","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 and microglial hormetic involvement in neurological health & migraine","volume":"8","author":"Kraig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377143","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/1377143","article-title":"Role of TNF-\u03b1 in the Pathogenesis of Migraine","volume":"2024","author":"Sudershan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duggal, S., Jailkhani, N., Midha, M.K., Agrawal, N., Rao, K.V.S., and Kumar, A. (2018). Defining the Akt1 interactome and its role in regulating the cell cycle. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19689-0"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155119","article-title":"Puerarin prevents sepsis-associated encephalopathy by regulating the AKT1 pathway in microglia","volume":"121","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2020.1769128","article-title":"Prophylactic effect of Biochanin A in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells","volume":"42","author":"Krosniak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunopharm. Immunot."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002798","article-title":"Sex hormones in women with and without migraine: Evidence of migraine-specific hormone profiles","volume":"87","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"121","article-title":"Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis in migraine patients by ultrasound radiofrequency data technology: Preliminary results","volume":"28","author":"Ergun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agri"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4849","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7191","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway activation in a rat model of migraine","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.11.017","article-title":"Paraquat mediates BV-2 microglia activation by raising intracellular ROS and inhibiting Akt1 phosphorylation","volume":"355","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, W.Q., Liang, X., Wang, S.Z., Lee, P., and Zhang, Y.L. (2020). The underlying mechanism of Paeonia lactiflora pall. in parkinson\u2019s disease based on a network pharmacology approach. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.581984"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.095","article-title":"Dyrk2 mediated the release of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced BV2 cells","volume":"109","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01707-w","article-title":"Microglia TREM1-mediated neuroinfammation contributes to central sensitization via the NF-\u03baB pathway in a chronic migraine model","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115470","article-title":"San Pian decoction can treat nitroglycerin-induced migraine in rats by inhibiting the PI3K\/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"296","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27365","article-title":"Study on the mechanism of Shugan Lidan Xiaoshi granule in preventing acute pancreatitis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D204","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku989","article-title":"UniProt: A hub for protein information","volume":"43","author":"Bateman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(97)01103-7","article-title":"GeneCards: Integrating information about genes, proteins and diseases","volume":"13","author":"Rebhan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Genet. TIG"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D789","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1205","article-title":"OMIM.org: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM\u00ae), an online catalog of human genes and genetic disorders","volume":"43","author":"Amberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: A software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D607","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1131","article-title":"STRING v11: Protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets","volume":"47","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D587","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac963","article-title":"KEGG for taxonomy-based analysis of pathways and genomes","volume":"51","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, X.T., Fu, Y.H., Li, Z.R., Zou, Y.J., and Dai, Y.L. (2024). Network pharmacology and untargeted metabolomic-based investigation of anti-osteoporotic effects of viscozyme-assisted polysaccharide from Portulaca oleracea L. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 243.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2024.116104"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","article-title":"Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz459","article-title":"AutoDock CrankPep: Combining folding and docking to predict protein-peptide complexes","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1298","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1298","article-title":"Using PyMOL as a platform for computational drug design","volume":"7","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wires Comput. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/18\/9225\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:46:42Z","timestamp":1760035602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/18\/9225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26189225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26189225","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]]}}}