{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:46:07Z","timestamp":1760060767315,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03ES035200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03ES035200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification of mRNA and plays a crucial role in mediating cellular functions, and it is associated with cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Studies have shown that m6A is predominantly deposited on its consensus motif by the m6A writer proteins RNA methyltransferase METLL3\/METLL14. However, it was found that nonconventional m6A deposition by other alternative pathways may also exist and can modulate epitranscriptomic regulation in cells. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying nonconventional m6A deposition outside the canonical motifs will provide novel insights into the full scope of the functional impact of m6A. In this study, we discovered that m6ATP was efficiently incorporated by the repairing DNA polymerases pol \u03b2 and pol \u03b7 through RNA gap-filling synthesis on an RNA-DNA hybrid. Steady-state kinetics results showed that m6ATP was incorporated into RNA by the DNA polymerases with a comparable efficiency to ATP. AlphaFold3-assisted molecular dynamics simulations further elucidated the structural basis for the DNA polymerases to incorporate m6ATP into the RNA substrates by showing that the enzymes employed the unique base-stacking mechanism to govern the distance between the 3\u2032-OH group of the 3\u2032-terminus nucleotide of the primer and the 5\u2032-\u03b1-phosphate of m6ATP to perform their catalysis. Furthermore, we detected a significant amount of m6ATP in human cells. We showed that the m6ATP level was associated with that of the oxidative stress biomarker 8-oxoGTP in cells, suggesting that unscheduled m6A deposition on RNA can be mediated by m6ATP incorporation that is associated with cellular oxidative stress. Our study sheds light on the unscheduled m6A deposition as a potential alternative mechanism for altering epitranscriptomic modifications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T08:09:42Z","timestamp":1758614982000},"page":"9263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unscheduled m6A Deposition in RNA via m6ATP Incorporation by DNA Polymerases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanpierre","family":"Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0999-4975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prem","family":"Chapagain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"},{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"},{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11112","article-title":"Topology of the human and mouse m6A RNA methylomes revealed by m6A-seq","volume":"485","author":"Dominissini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2016.03.006","article-title":"Nuclear m(6)A Reader YTHDC1 Regulates mRNA Splicing","volume":"32","author":"Roundtree","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12626","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12626","article-title":"YTHDF2 destabilizes m(6)A-containing RNA through direct recruitment of the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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