{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T18:24:15Z","timestamp":1785781455214,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Empagliflozin is a sodium\u2013glucose co-transporter inhibitor approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was the 6-month effect of empagliflozin on serum and liver lipidome in C57BL\/6J mice fed on a fast food diet (FFD). Three groups were studied; two of them fed on FFD, one with empagliflozin (EMPA group), and another without empagliflozin (FFD group); the third group fed on a chow diet and served as the control group (CD group). Following untargeted lipidomic analysis, the FFD and EMPA groups displayed largely similar serum lipid profiles, characterized by elevated levels in the majority of identified lipids, compared with the CD group, particularly glycerophospholipids. For instance, phosphatidylcholine (PC) 34:1 and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 38:3 increased in the FFD compared with the CD group (both p &lt; 0.001, fold change 2.4 and 17.6, respectively) with comparable increases observed in the EMPA group. Hepatic lipid profiles varied more significantly between groups. For example, PC 34:1 was increased in the FFD and in the EMPA compared with the CD group (both p &lt; 0.001, fold change 1.7 and 1.6, respectively), whereas PC 32:0 was decreased in the FFD group and in the EMPA group compared with the CD group (both p &lt; 0.001, fold change 0.6 and 0.5, respectively). FFD appears to have a more substantial impact on lipidomic profiles compared with the preventive empagliflozin effect. Notably, the concentration of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 22:6 was significantly reduced in the EMPA compared with the FFD group (p &lt; 0.001, fold change 1.4). Interestingly, several glycerophospholipids, including PC 34:1, PC 35:1, PC 36:3, PC 38:4, PI 34:2 and PI 38:3, increased in both serum and hepatic tissues of the FFD and EMPA groups compared with the CD group. In conclusion, limited differences in the lipidomic profile were observed in the EMPA compared with the FFD group (e.g., LPC 22:6). However, both the EMPA and FFD groups showed distinct lipidomic profiles compared with the CD group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T10:27:53Z","timestamp":1758623273000},"page":"9273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Serum and Liver Lipidome Following Empagliflozin Administration for Six Months in a Fast Food Diet Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3177-2129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia S.","family":"Makri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomai","family":"Mouskeftara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1893-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Gika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8759-8962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Xanthopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7231-8424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftheria","family":"Makri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5116-7829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Mavrommatis-Parasidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6610-5847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Tsingotjidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeliki","family":"Cheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonis","family":"Goulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9232-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stergios A.","family":"Polyzos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"78","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1999","article-title":"The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Younossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. 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