{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T02:59:39Z","timestamp":1768877979436,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZE 526\/16-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZE 526\/16-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01GR2304A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GR2304A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01GR2304B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GR2304B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as part of the Leipzig Reproductive Health Center (LE-REP)","award":["ZE 526\/16-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZE 526\/16-1"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as part of the Leipzig Reproductive Health Center (LE-REP)","award":["01GR2304A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GR2304A"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as part of the Leipzig Reproductive Health Center (LE-REP)","award":["01GR2304B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GR2304B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as benzophenone-3 (BP-3) can have severe consequences for human reproduction by affecting critical processes during pregnancy. To shed further light on potential harmful BP-3 actions, our current study addressed the impact of BP-3 on decidualization and trophoblast invasion. Decidualization was initiated in human endometrial stromal cells (THESC) upon treatment with a mixture of cAMP, progesterone, and estradiol. In parallel to hormonal treatment, the cells were exposed to different BP-3 concentrations ranging from 0.001 \u00b5M to 10 \u00b5M. The expression of decidualization and invasion markers was determined. Moreover, trophoblastic spheroids derived from JEG-3 cells were transferred to decidualized THESC after BP-3 exposure, and spheroid attachment and invasion were analyzed. Hormonal treatment successfully initiated decidualization in THESC, which was confirmed by increased prolactin levels and IGFBP1 and NCOA-3 mRNA expression. Notably, BP-3 exposure did not affect these markers. Furthermore, BP-3 changed neither THESC proliferation nor viability nor the frequency of cells expressing MMP2\/9 or TIMP1\/3. Trophoblastic spheroid attachment and outgrowth into THESC were not altered through any of the BP-3 concentrations applied. Our results do not provide evidence for an influence of BP-3 on the decidualization process and the capability of trophoblast cells to adhere and invade into endometrial stromal cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:39:42Z","timestamp":1758710382000},"page":"9314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Benzophenone-3 in Concentrations Ranging from 0.001 to 10 \u00b5M Does Not Affect the Human Decidualization Process in an In Vitro Setting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kristin","family":"Krausser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Perinatal Immunology, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Howanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Perinatal Immunology, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5752-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4829-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Perinatal Immunology, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Immunology, University Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4052-3071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Romanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Perinatal Immunology, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Claudia","family":"Zenclussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Perinatal Immunology, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Perinatal Immunology, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107739","article-title":"Benzophenone-3: Comprehensive review of the toxicological and human evidence with meta-analysis of human biomonitoring studies","volume":"173","author":"Mustieles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. 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