{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:47:05Z","timestamp":1760060825983,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF)","award":["120832","PI11\/02441","PI16\/00587","ProID2021010143","PICULPGC-2017-CCSALUD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120832","PI11\/02441","PI16\/00587","ProID2021010143","PICULPGC-2017-CCSALUD"]}]},{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform of the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)","award":["120832","PI11\/02441","PI16\/00587","ProID2021010143","PICULPGC-2017-CCSALUD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120832","PI11\/02441","PI16\/00587","ProID2021010143","PICULPGC-2017-CCSALUD"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["120832","PI11\/02441","PI16\/00587","ProID2021010143","PICULPGC-2017-CCSALUD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120832","PI11\/02441","PI16\/00587","ProID2021010143","PICULPGC-2017-CCSALUD"]}]},{"name":"European Union Regional Development Funds","award":["120832","PI11\/02441","PI16\/00587","ProID2021010143","PICULPGC-2017-CCSALUD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120832","PI11\/02441","PI16\/00587","ProID2021010143","PICULPGC-2017-CCSALUD"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council","award":["120832","PI11\/02441","PI16\/00587","ProID2021010143","PICULPGC-2017-CCSALUD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120832","PI11\/02441","PI16\/00587","ProID2021010143","PICULPGC-2017-CCSALUD"]}]},{"name":"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","award":["120832","PI11\/02441","PI16\/00587","ProID2021010143","PICULPGC-2017-CCSALUD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120832","PI11\/02441","PI16\/00587","ProID2021010143","PICULPGC-2017-CCSALUD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes in pregnancy increases the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes for mother and child, with severity influenced by the type of diabetes and degree of hyperglycemia. This study aimed to identify circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with different types of diabetes in pregnancy. Serum miRNAs were profiled in pregnant South African women with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), gestational diabetes (GDM), and normoglycemia using PCR arrays (n = 15). Differentially expressed miRNAs were validated in pregnant South African women (n = 167), and a separate cohort of Spanish pregnant women with T1DM and T2DM (n = 48). PCR arrays showed significant differential expression for miR-19b-3p (\u2193 9.8-fold; p = 0.033) in GDM, miR-20a-5p (\u2193 4.5-fold; p = 0.047) in T1DM, and miR-29a-3p (\u2191 1.8-fold; p = 0.002) in T2DM compared to normoglycemia. Screening in the larger cohort showed lower expression of miR-20a-5p (\u2193 2-fold; p = 0.013) in GDM and miR-30d-5p (\u2193 2.1-fold; p = 0.032) in T1DM compared to normoglycemia. Additionally, miR-20a-5p levels were higher in women with T2DM compared to those with GDM (\u2191 2.5-fold; p = 0.019). Our findings show that miRNA profiles are largely consistent across different types of diabetes in pregnancy, suggesting that hyperglycemia plays a key role in shaping miRNA expressions. Moreover, the identification of several shared gene targets suggests common underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T08:56:44Z","timestamp":1758790604000},"page":"9337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Circulating MicroRNA Profiles in Pregnant South African Women with Different Types of Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5444-1395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matladi","family":"Masete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3008-4279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6566-3425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nompumelelo","family":"Malaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-3273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumaiya","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6605-6275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hygon","family":"Mutavhatsindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2003-246X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Valverde-Tercedor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Vega-Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Canarias, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7663-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"W\u00e4gner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil de Canarias, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-1552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Pheiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"},{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit (NCDRU), South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2022, March 03). IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition. Available online: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/resources\/idf-diabetes-atlas-reports\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capobianco, G., Gulotta, A., Tupponi, G., Dessole, F., Pola, M., Virdis, G., Petrillo, M., Mais, V., Olzai, G., and Antonucci, R. (2020). Materno-Fetal and Neonatal Complications of Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Retrospective Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092707"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaza, N., Masete, M., Adam, S., Dias, S., Nyawo, T., and Pheiffer, C. (2022). A Systematic Review to Compare Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Pregestational Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710846"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1267-6","article-title":"Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy and Long-Term Offspring Outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Bianco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kereliuk, S.M., and Dolinsky, V.W. (2022). Recent Experimental Studies of Maternal Obesity, Diabetes during Pregnancy and the Developmental Origins of Cardiovascular Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084467"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00932-9","article-title":"Pre-Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30406-X","article-title":"Characteristics and Outcomes of Pregnant Women with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes: A 5-Year National Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y.-S., Feng, C., Yu, D.-Q., Tian, S., Zhou, Y., Huang, Y.-T., Cai, Y.-T., Chen, J., Zhu, M.-M., and Jin, M. (2023). Long-Term Outcomes and Potential Mechanisms of Offspring Exposed to Intrauterine Hyperglycemia. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1067282"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heydarzadeh, S., Ranjbar, M., Karimi, F., Seif, F., and Alivand, M.R. (2021). Overview of Host miRNA Properties and Their Association with Epigenetics, Long Non-Coding RNAs, and Xeno-Infectious Factors. Cell Biosci., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00552-1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.12701\/yujm.2020.00836","article-title":"The Role of microRNAs in Cell Death Pathways","volume":"38","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Yeungnam Univ. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel Mageed, S.S., Doghish, A.S., Ismail, A., El-Husseiny, A.A., Fawzi, S.F., Mahmoud, A.M.A., and El-Mahdy, H.A. (2023). The Role of miRNAs in Insulin Resistance and Diabetic Macrovascular Complications\u2014A Review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 230.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123189"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e9gar\u00e9, C., Cl\u00e9ment, A.-A., Desgagn\u00e9, V., Thibeault, K., White, F., Guay, S.-P., Arsenault, B.J., Scott, M.S., Jacques, P.-\u00c9., and Perron, P. (2022). Human Plasma Pregnancy-Associated miRNAs and Their Temporal Variation within the First Trimester of Pregnancy. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00883-1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12144","article-title":"Cell-to-cell Communication: microRNAs as Hormones","volume":"11","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matias-Garcia, P.R., Wilson, R., Mussack, V., Reischl, E., Waldenberger, M., Gieger, C., Anton, G., Peters, A., and Kuehn-Steven, A. (2020). Impact of Long-Term Storage and Freeze-Thawing on Eight Circulating microRNAs in Plasma Samples. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227648"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collares, C.V., Evangelista, A.F., Xavier, D.J., Rassi, D.M., Arns, T., Foss-Freitas, M.C., Foss, M.C., Puthier, D., Sakamoto-Hojo, E.T., and Passos, G.A. (2013). Identifying Common and Specific microRNAs Expressed in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell of Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Patients. BMC Res. Notes, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-491"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2022.101502","article-title":"Circulatory miR-126 Expression as an Epigenetic Marker in Diabetes Mellitus; a Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Athira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2021.107959","article-title":"Down-Regulation of microRNA-30d-5p Is Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus by Targeting RAB8A","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghoreishi, E., Shahrokhi, S.Z., Kazerouni, F., and Rahimipour, A. (2022). Circulating miR-148b-3p and miR-27a-3p Can Be Potential Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Pre-Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Integrating Experimental and in-Silico Approaches. BMC Endocr. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01120-5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibarra, A., Vega-Guedes, B., Brito-Casillas, Y., and W\u00e4gner, A.M. (2018). Diabetes in Pregnancy and MicroRNAs: Promises and Limitations in Their Clinical Application. Noncoding RNA, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna4040032"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-018-0325-0","article-title":"Decreased Expression of Circulating miR-20a-5p in South African Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Pheiffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"S466","article-title":"W\u00e4gner Pregestational Diabetes and the Offspring: Comparing the Effects According to the Type of Maternal Diabetes and with Paternal Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"63","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masete, M., Dias, S., Malaza, N., Adam, S., and Pheiffer, C. (2022). A Big Role for microRNAs in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Front. Endocrinol, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.892587"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Placental microRNAs in Pregestational Diabetes: Effects on Offspring and Functional Study","volume":"66","author":"Ibarra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2015.06.028","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and Inflammation Are a Cause of Hyperglycemia after Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery","volume":"150","author":"Floh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2018.33.1","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Diabetes: Current Concepts and Future Perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Tsalamandris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolosowicz, M., Lukaszuk, B., and Chabowski, A. (2020). The Causes of Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Is There a Place for Quaternary Prevention?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228651"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s43042-020-00054-8","article-title":"Update on the Genetic and Epigenetic Etiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Yahaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14119","article-title":"The Role of Lipid Dysregulation in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Early Prediction and Postpartum Prognosis","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01607-4","article-title":"Distinct and Shared Genetic Architectures of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Elliott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1361","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1361","article-title":"Progression to Type 2 Diabetes in Women with a Known History of Gestational Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"369","author":"Vounzoulaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Incani, M., Baroni, M.G., and Cossu, E. (2019). Testing for Type 1 Diabetes Autoantibodies in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): Is It Clinically Useful?. BMC Endocr. Disord., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0373-4"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.04.019","article-title":"Differential Regulation of Genes for Feto-Placental Lipid Pathways in Pregnancy with Gestational and Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"201","author":"Radaelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.01.010","article-title":"Profiling Maternal Plasma microRNA Expression in Early Pregnancy to Predict Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"130","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obs."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13317","article-title":"Plasma microRNA-16-5p, -17-5p and -20a-5p: Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-3302","article-title":"The Prognostic Value of microRNAs Varies with Patient Race\/Ethnicity and Stage of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"19","author":"Bovell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.02.003","article-title":"Aberrant Expression of microRNA Induced by High-Fructose Diet: Implications in the Pathogenesis of Hyperlipidemia and Hepatic Insulin Resistance","volume":"43","author":"Sud","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2018.12.003","article-title":"Aging, MicroRNAs, and Heart Failure","volume":"45","author":"Florio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.03.070","article-title":"Sex Differences in miRNA Expression and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Hispanic Adolescents With Obesity","volume":"235","author":"Karere","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3392","article-title":"miR-17-92 Plays an Oncogenic Role and Conveys Chemo-Resistance to Cisplatin in Human Prostate Cancer Cells","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, S., Zhang, J., Chen, X., Lang, J., Li, L., Chen, F., Tian, L., Meng, Y., and Yu, X. (2020). MicroRNA-17-92 Regulates Beta-Cell Restoration After Streptozotocin Treatment. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00009"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.1211209","article-title":"Identification of Glucose-Regulated miRNAs from Pancreatic \u03b2 Cells Reveals a Role for miR-30d in Insulin Transcription","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31155","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.362632","article-title":"MicroRNA-30d Induces Insulin Transcription Factor MafA and Insulin Production by Targeting Mitogen-Activated Protein 4 Kinase 4 (MAP4K4) in Pancreatic \u03b2-Cells","volume":"287","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez Mu\u00f1oz, L., Perna-Barrull, D., Murillo-Vall\u00e9s, M., Armengol, M.P., Alcalde, M., Catal\u00e0, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez, S., Sunye, S., Valls, A., and P\u00e9rez S\u00e1nchez, J. (2023). Immunoregulatory Biomarkers of the Remission Phase in Type 1 Diabetes: miR-30d-5p Modulates PD-1 Expression and Regulatory T Cell Expansion. Non-Coding RNA, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna9020017"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60408-4","article-title":"Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance: Unravelling the Mechanism","volume":"375","author":"Samuel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boxhammer, E., Paar, V., Wernly, B., Kiss, A., Mirna, M., Aigner, A., Acar, E., Watzinger, S., Podesser, B.K., and Zauner, R. (2023). MicroRNA-30d-5p\u2014A Potential New Therapeutic Target for Prevention of Ischemic Cardiomyopathy after Myocardial Infarction. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12192369"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"6621206","article-title":"MiR-20a-5p Regulates MPP+-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in HT22 Cells by Targeting IRF9\/NF-\u03baB Axis","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27645","article-title":"Tumor Suppressor P53 Regulates Insulin Receptor (INSR) Gene Expression via Direct Binding to the INSR Promoter","volume":"11","author":"Sarfstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-021-04086-5","article-title":"Role of Wnt Signaling Pathways in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"476","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"373","article-title":"The Role of P53 in Regulating Chronic Inflammation and PANoptosis in Diabetic Wounds","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faraldi, M., Gomarasca, M., Sansoni, V., Perego, S., Banfi, G., and Lombardi, G. (2019). Normalization Strategies Differently Affect Circulating miRNA Profile Associated with the Training Status. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38505-x"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zendjabil, M. (2024). Preanalytical, Analytical and Postanalytical Considerations in Circulating microRNAs Measurement. Biochem. Med., 34.","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2024.020501"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2013.02.015","article-title":"Pre-Analytical Variables in miRNA Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Becker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.11.22","article-title":"Epigenetics and Lifestyle","volume":"3","author":"Baccarelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu, X., Juan, J., Kang, X., Yao, M., Chen, X., Wei, Z., Kong, L., Chen, H., Cui, S., and Gao, F. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Perinatal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus Based on Diagnostic Timing. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93449-9"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1177","article-title":"microRNA-503 Contribute to Pancreatic Beta Cell Dysfunction by Targeting the mTOR Pathway in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1461","article-title":"microRNA-96 Protects Pancreatic \u03b2-Cell Function by Targeting PAK1 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kupec, T., Bleilevens, A., Iborra, S., Najjari, L., Wittenborn, J., Maurer, J., and Stickeler, E. (2022). Stability of Circulating microRNAs in Serum. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268958"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel, Metzger, B.E., Gabbe, S.G., Persson, B., Buchanan, T.A., Catalano, P.A., Damm, P., Dyer, A.R., de Leiva, A., and Hod, M. (2010). International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy. Diabetes Care, 33, 676\u2013682.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1848"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013). Diagnostic Criteria and Classification of Hyperglycaemia First Detected in Pregnancy, World Health Organization. [WHO\/NMH\/MND\/13.2 ed.]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1969.10490657","article-title":"Procedures for Detecting Outlying Observations in Samples","volume":"11","author":"Grubbs","year":"1969","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W460","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv403","article-title":"DIANA-miRPath v3.0: Deciphering microRNA Function with Experimental Support","volume":"43","author":"Vlachos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D153","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1215","article-title":"DIANA-TarBase v7.0: Indexing More than Half a Million Experimentally Supported miRNA:mRNA Interactions","volume":"43","author":"Vlachos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12131","article-title":"When to Use the Bonferroni Correction","volume":"34","author":"Armstrong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Index for Rating Diagnostic Tests","volume":"3","author":"Youden","year":"1950","journal-title":"Cancer"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/19\/9337\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:49:14Z","timestamp":1760035754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/19\/9337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26199337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26199337","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]}}}