{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:54:00Z","timestamp":1791222840338,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Province Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project","award":["BY20230033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BY20230033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cycling stability and widespread practical implementation of aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are impeded by dendrite growth and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, theaflavins, a low-cost organic bio-compounds and a major component of tea, were innovatively introduced as an electrolyte additive for AZIBs to address these challenges. When added into the electrolyte, theaflavins, with their strong de-solvation capability, facilitated the more uniform and stable diffusion of zinc ions, effectively suppressing dendrite formation and HER. This, in turn, significantly enhanced the coulombic efficiency (&gt;95% in Zn\/Cu system) and the stability of the zinc deposition\/stripping process in Zn\/Zn system. The Zn\/Zn symmetric battery system stably cycled for approximately 3000 h at current densities of 1 mA\/cm2. Compared with H2O molecules, theaflavins exhibited a narrower LUMO and HOMO gap and higher adsorption energy on zinc surfaces. These properties enabled theaflavins to be preferentially adsorbed onto zinc anode surfaces, forming a protective layer that minimized direct contact between water molecules and the zinc surface. This layer also promoted the electron transfer associated with zinc ions, thereby greatly enhancing interfacial stability and significantly mitigating HER. When 10 mmol\/L of theaflavins was present in the electrolyte, the system exhibited lower impedance activation energy, a smoother zinc ion deposition process, reduced corrosion current, and higher HER overpotential. Furthermore, incorporating theaflavins into the electrolyte enhanced the vanadium redox reaction and accelerated zinc ion diffusion, thereby significantly improving battery performance. This work explores the design of a cost-effective electrolyte additive, providing essential insights for the progress of practical AZIBs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T08:31:28Z","timestamp":1758875488000},"page":"9399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Theaflavins as Electrolyte Additives for Inhibiting Zinc Dendrites and Hydrogen Evolution in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Ecology, The City Vocational College of Jiangsu, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Centre for Ecological and Environmental Protection in Urban and Rural Water Environment Management and Low Carbon Development, Nanjing 210017, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Ecology, The City Vocational College of Jiangsu, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Centre for Ecological and Environmental Protection in Urban and Rural Water Environment Management and Low Carbon Development, Nanjing 210017, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3714-7076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Ecology, The City Vocational College of Jiangsu, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Centre for Ecological and Environmental Protection in Urban and Rural Water Environment Management and Low Carbon Development, Nanjing 210017, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoxuan","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safi","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(23)60423-9","article-title":"Global energy transition revolution and the connotation and pathway of the green and intelligent energy system","volume":"50","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pet. Explor. Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137999","article-title":"In-situ amorphous transformation of V2O5 in V2O5\/V6O13 for aqueous zinc ion batteries with high capacity and long cycles","volume":"697","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.111159","article-title":"A comprehensive review of energy storage technology development and application for pure electric vehicles","volume":"86","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Li, Y., Mei, B., Liu, J., Niu, H., and Hou, Y. (2025). Imide Polymers with Bipolar-Type Redox-Active Centers for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc Ion Battery Cathodes and Electrochromic Materials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083838"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121652","article-title":"A review on thermal management of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles","volume":"238","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., Zhang, J., Liu, Q., Wang, F., Liu, X., and Chen, M. (2024). The Introduction of a BaTiO3 Polarized Coating as an Interface Modification Strategy for Zinc-Ion Batteries: A Theoretical Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011172"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, F., Wu, B., Mu, Y., Zhou, B., Zhang, G., and Zeng, L. (2023). Metal-Organic Framework-Based Materials in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076041"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etran.2022.100190","article-title":"Fire and explosion characteristics of vent gas from lithium-ion batteries after thermal runaway: A comparative study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"eTransportation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.162146","article-title":"In situ synthesis of VO2 containing high-valent vanadium via surface oxidation of V2C MXene for robust near-interface reactions in aqueous zinc-ion batteries","volume":"511","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.02.026","article-title":"Engineering water-lean solvation structure to modulate interfacial chemistry for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion battery","volume":"686","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khamsanga, S., Nguyen, M.T., Yonezawa, T., Thamyongkit, P., Pornprasertsuk, R., Pattananuwat, P., Tuantranont, A., Siwamogsatham, S., and Kheawhom, S. (2020). MnO2 Heterostructure on Carbon Nanotubes as Cathode Material for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134689"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SC00022A","article-title":"Aqueous zinc ion batteries: Focus on zinc metal anodes","volume":"11","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, L., Li, Z., Wang, L., Shang, Y., Wang, Z., Tong, Z., Li, Y., and Li, X. (2025). Enhancing ion shuttling through hydrogen bonding effect in ZnV2O4 aqueous zinc ion battery cathode. Chem. Eng. J., 513.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.162143"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48368-0","article-title":"A critical discussion of the current availability of lithium and zinc for use in batteries","volume":"15","author":"Innocenti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2020.08.016","article-title":"Review of vanadium-based electrode materials for rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2310972","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202310972","article-title":"Advances in Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries based on Conversion Mechanism: Challenges, Strategies, and Prospects","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2023.108858","article-title":"Optimization strategies toward advanced aqueous zinc-ion batteries: From facing key issues to viable solutions","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13180","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202000162","article-title":"Interfacial Design of Dendrite-Free Zinc Anodes for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2023.03.059","article-title":"Recent advances in interfacial modification of zinc anode for aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries","volume":"83","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300369","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300369","article-title":"Does Water-in-Salt Electrolyte Subdue Issues of Zn Batteries?","volume":"35","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202012322","article-title":"Direct Self-Assembly of MXene on Zn Anodes for Dendrite-Free Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203523","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202203523","article-title":"Stabling Zinc Metal Anode with Polydopamine Regulation through Dual Effects of Fast Desolvation and Ion Confinement","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2207209","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202207209","article-title":"A Molecular-Sieve Electrolyte Membrane enables Separator-Free Zinc Batteries with Ultralong Cycle Life","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EE03528F","article-title":"Dendrite-free Zn anode enabled by anionic surfactant-induced horizontal growth for highly-stable aqueous Zn-ion pouch cells","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.214299","article-title":"Advances and strategies in electrolyte regulation for aqueous zinc-based batteries","volume":"452","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Co-ord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2025.104154","article-title":"Polymeric acid additive strategy for long-lifetime aqueous zinc-ion batteries","volume":"76","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Lin, Y., Shi, Z., Zhou, H., Wang, H., Wu, F., Zhao, L., Zeng, Y., Kong, B., and Gong, W. (2025). Revealing the multifunctional nature of surfactant electrolyte additive in aqueous Zinc Ion batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 514.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145685"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.12.189","article-title":"Novel organic additives with high dipole moments: Improving the anode interface structure to enhance the performance of zinc ion aqueous batteries","volume":"683","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2411478","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202411478","article-title":"Toward Green and Sustainable Zinc-Ion Batteries: The Potential of Natural Solvent-Based Electrolytes","volume":"21","author":"Uzunoglu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, F., Cai, X., Yan, W., Wang, Q., Zhao, J., and Zhang, W. (2024). Natural honey helps stabilize zinc anode for dendrite-free aqueous zinc ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater., 67.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2024.103273"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2025.136323","article-title":"Synergistic effects of modulating electrical double layer structure and facilitating uniform deposition of Zn2+ by biocompatible polysaccharide additive for high-performance aqueous zinc ion batteries","volume":"711","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2024.103959","article-title":"Effective control of the solution environment in aqueous Zinc-ion batteries for promoting (002)-textured zinc growth by a Bio-electrolyte additive","volume":"74","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.157431","article-title":"Malic acid additive with a dual regulating mechanism for high-performances aqueous zinc-ion batteries","volume":"500","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18247","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202105756","article-title":"Simultaneous Regulation on Solvation Shell and Electrode Interface for Dendrite-Free Zn Ion Batteries Achieved by a Low-Cost Glucose Additive","volume":"60","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.05.072","article-title":"An efficient electrolyte additive of 1,3,6-hexanetricarbonitrile for high performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries","volume":"646","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2023.102800","article-title":"Integrated electrolyte regulation strategy: Trace trifunctional tranexamic acid additive for highly reversible Zn metal anode and stable aqueous zinc ion battery","volume":"59","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2024.103500","article-title":"Zincophilic and hydrophobic groups of surfactant-type electrolyte additive enabled stable anode\/electrolyte interface toward long-lifespan aqueous zinc ion batteries","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.112834","article-title":"A zwitterionic-type multifunctional electrolyte additive of trigonelline hydrochloride stabilizes zinc anodes for advanced aqueous zinc-ion batteries","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2024.09.030","article-title":"Unlocking the stable interface in aqueous zinc-ion battery with multifunctional xylose-based electrolyte additives","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Ma, J., Yuan, Y., Ma, C., Jia, S., Zhang, X., Zhang, G., and Zhou, X. (2024). A versatile electrolyte additive enabling highly reversible Zn anode in aqueous zinc-ion batteries. J. Energy Storage, 102.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.114123"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.07.162","article-title":"Pyrrole as a multi-functional additive to concurrently stabilize Zn anode and cathode via interphase regulation towards advanced aqueous zinc-ion battery","volume":"676","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.165231","article-title":"Stabilizing zinc anode for high-performance aqueous zinc ion batteries via employing a novel inositol additive","volume":"914","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.141392","article-title":"Electrolyte additive of sorbitol rendering aqueous zinc-ion batteries with dendrite-free behavior and good anti-freezing ability","volume":"458","author":"Quan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2024.12.032","article-title":"Synchronous regulation of V2O5 cathode and Zn anode using sodium gluconate as an additive for long-life aqueous zinc-ion batteries","volume":"103","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2201744","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202201744","article-title":"A Binary Hydrate-Melt Electrolyte with Acetate-Oriented Cross-Linking Solvation Shells for Stable Zinc Anodes","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2024.116147","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of the fraction components of the theabrownin isolates from Pu\u2019er tea","volume":"200","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2023.111700","article-title":"Study of the interaction mechanism between theaflavin and Zein","volume":"359","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2024.234351","article-title":"A dual-functional rare earth halide additive for high-performance aqueous zinc ion batteries","volume":"602","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.111375","article-title":"Environmentally friendly additives for crystal surface modulation and suppression of dendrites for aqueous zinc-ion batteries","volume":"87","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"100948","article-title":"Bifunctional electrolyte additive ammonium persulfate for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Sustain."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2024.103356","article-title":"Alleviating zinc dendrite growth by versatile sodium carboxymethyl cellulose electrolyte additive to boost long-life aqueous Zn ion capacitors","volume":"68","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2024.103299","article-title":"Synergistic interaction between amphiphilic ion additive groups for stable long-life zinc ion batteries","volume":"67","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.157281","article-title":"Bifunctional electrolyte additive enabling long cycle life of vanadium-based cathode aqueous zinc ion batteries","volume":"500","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.09.127","article-title":"Rational design of epoxy functionalized ionic liquids electrolyte additive for hydrogen-free and dendrite-free aqueous zinc batteries","volume":"678","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2402821","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202402821","article-title":"Induced Anionic Functional Group Orientation-Assisted Stable Electrode-Electrolyte Interphases for Highly Reversible Zinc Anodes","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2024.04.046","article-title":"Stabilization of cathode electrolyte interphase for aqueous zinc-ion batteries","volume":"96","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2022.141810","article-title":"Interlayer doping of pseudocapacitive hydrated vanadium oxide via Mn2+ for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion battery","volume":"441","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochimica Acta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.111640","article-title":"Mn-containing heteropolyvanadate nanoparticles as a high-performance cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries","volume":"89","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.113230","article-title":"Phase regulation of manganese vanadium oxide and its effects on capacity for aqueous zinc-ion battery","volume":"99","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.169366","article-title":"Cooperative energy storage behaviors derived from PANI and V2CTx MXene for advanced aqueous zinc-ion batteries","volume":"945","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2024.118334","article-title":"Layer-by-layer assembled binder-free hydrated vanadium oxide-acetylene black electrode for flexible aqueous zinc ion battery","volume":"964","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134110","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0018516","article-title":"Heterogeneous parallelization and acceleration of molecular dynamics simulations in GROMACS","volume":"153","author":"Zhmurov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11169","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.54.11169","article-title":"Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set","volume":"54","author":"Kresse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.3865","article-title":"Generalized gradient approximation made simple","volume":"77","author":"Perdew","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B864","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.136.B864","article-title":"Inhomogeneous Electron Gas","volume":"136","author":"Hohenberg","year":"1964","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1133","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.140.A1133","article-title":"Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects","volume":"140","author":"Kohn","year":"1965","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.22885","article-title":"Multiwfn: A multifunctional wavefunction analyzer","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"082503","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0216272","article-title":"A comprehensive electron wavefunction analysis toolbox for chemists, Multiwfn","volume":"161","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-7855(96)00018-5","article-title":"VMD: Visual molecular dynamics","volume":"14","author":"Humphrey","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mol. Graph."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/19\/9399\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T08:37:11Z","timestamp":1758875831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/19\/9399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26199399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26199399","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]}}}