{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T06:15:13Z","timestamp":1789712113710,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.25.517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.25.517"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent major global health burdens with overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms, including chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Galectins, a family of \u03b2-galactoside-binding lectins, have been implicated in immune regulation, inflammation, and tissue remodeling. Among them, Galectin-4 (Gal-4), primarily expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as a potential biomarker due to its roles in epithelial integrity, inflammatory signaling, and metabolic regulation. Despite its established involvement in cancer and inflammatory disease, the relevance of Gal-4 in cardiometabolic disorders remains poorly defined. A comprehensive literature search was conducted via the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. The association between Gal-4 and obesity has been reported, indicating that elevated Gal-4 levels correlate with obesity, but primarily in individuals with diabetes. Circulating Gal-4 concentrations are consistently elevated in diabetic populations. In CVD, elevated Gal-4 levels are associated with ischemic heart disease, heart failure, aortic stenosis, carotid atherosclerosis, and adverse outcomes following myocardial infarction and stroke. Furthermore, prospective studies link Gal-4 to increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality, underscoring its potential prognostic relevance. Available evidence regarding the mechanistic role of Gal-4 in the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease remains limited; therefore, future studies should address whether Gal-4 actively contributes to cardiometabolic dysfunction or only reflects secondary inflammatory or fibrotic processes. Elucidating the biological functions of Gal-4 may provide insight into its utility in diagnostics and support the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cardiometabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T08:31:28Z","timestamp":1758875488000},"page":"9402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association of Elevated Galectin-4 Concentrations with Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Krystian","family":"Kozak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ALAB Laboratoria sp. z o.o., St\u0119pi\u0144ska 22\/30, 00-739 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-0722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Zajkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok Clinical Hospital, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safaei, M., Sundararajan, E.A., Driss, M., Boulila, W., and Shapi\u2019i, A. 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