{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:41:30Z","timestamp":1780087290471,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"J Holdings Corp."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005731","name":"Juntendo University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urethral stricture involves fibrotic narrowing of the urethral mucosa and spongiosum. Although urethroplasty using oral mucosal grafts is the gold standard for complex cases due to its high success rate, technical complexity limits its broader adoption. To address this, endoscopic transplantation of oral mucosal tissue has been proposed. While feasibility has been demonstrated, clinical efficacy remains suboptimal. Developing adjunctive factors that facilitate mucosal engraftment may improve outcomes of endoscopic transplantation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs)\u2014membrane-bound nanoparticles secreted by cells that deliver miRNAs and other bioactive molecules\u2014have recently emerged as promising candidates. We investigated EVs derived from four mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) sources\u2014stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and bone marrow (BM)\u2014isolated during both logarithmic (log) and stationary culture phases. miRNA profiling revealed distinct phase- and origin-specific signatures. SHED-derived EVs from the log phase and bone marrow-derived EVs from the stationary phase expressed miR-31, the let-7 family, and miR-205, suggesting early wound healing potential. In contrast, stationary-phase SHED-EVs and log-phase BM-MSC-EVs were enriched in the miR-99 family and miR-31, indicating potential roles in epithelial stabilization and fibrosis modulation. These findings support phase-specific application of MSC-EVs to optimize mucosal engraftment in transurethral reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T09:35:49Z","timestamp":1758879349000},"page":"9412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Oral Mucosal Engraftment in Urethral Reconstruction: Influence of Tissue Origin and Culture Growth Phase (Log vs. Stationary) on miRNA Content"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9750-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Koto Hospital, Tokyo 136-0072, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8128-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akio","family":"Mizushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7678-6375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akio","family":"Horiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reconstruction, Center for Trauma, Burn and Tactical Medicine, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Saitama 359-8513, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Association of Urology (2025, August 10). EAU Guidelines on Urethral Strictures. Available online: https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/urethral-strictures."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003482","article-title":"Urethral Stricture Disease Guideline Amendment (2023)","volume":"210","author":"Wessells","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takekawa, K., Horiguchi, A., Shinchi, M., Ojima, K., Segawa, Y., Takahashi, E., Asakuma, J., Furukawa, Y., Watanabe, D., and Ito, K. (Int. J. Urol., 2025). One-Sided Dorsal Onlay Urethroplasty with Penile Invagination (Kulkarni Urethroplasty) for Complex Anterior Urethral Strictures: A Single-Center Experience, Int. J. 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