{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:12:59Z","timestamp":1789506779669,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) represent a unique therapeutic challenge due to the complexity of the CNS and the protective role of the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB). All gliomas are of glial origin, account for the majority of CNS tumors, and are classified by the World Health Organization into four grades based on malignancy. High-grade gliomas, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), exhibit aggressive growth, resistance to treatment, and poor prognosis. Despite significant advancements in cancer therapy, effective drug delivery to CNS tumors remains limited due to pharmacokinetic barriers, especially the BBB, and tumor-related resistance mechanisms. This review highlights the biological characteristics of gliomas and emphasizes the current challenges in achieving effective CNS tumor treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T11:28:32Z","timestamp":1758886112000},"page":"9418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Navigating the Central Nervous System (CNS): A Pharmacokinetic Approach to the Treatment of CNS Tumors, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), in Particular"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5557-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Bartusik-Aebisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Collegium Medicum, Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Tylutki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"English Division Science Club, Medical Faculty, Collegium Medicum, Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Tylutki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Hospital in Tarn\u00f3w, 33-100 Tarn\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Le\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Collegium Medicum, Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Aebisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Collegium Medicum, Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"oyaf047","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf047","article-title":"A pilot survey into the landscape of neuro-oncology care in the community","volume":"30","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vdad169","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdad169","article-title":"Adult neuro-oncology trials in the United States over 5 decades: Analysis of trials completion rate to guide the path forward","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol. 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