{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:34Z","timestamp":1787028574420,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Defense Industrial Technology Development Program","award":["JCKY2024601C018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCKY2024601C018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myocardial infarction (MI) and its sequelae continue to be the leading cause of mortality globally. Following MI, a series of structural pathophysiological changes occur in the myocardium, including sympathetic remodeling. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), and synaptophysin (SYN) are recognized as key markers of sympathetic nerves. However, the expression patterns of these biomarkers during sympathetic remodeling, particularly their temporal profiles, remain insufficiently characterized. A cohort of 60 healthy adult male C57BL\/6 mice was randomly divided into a control group (n = 12) and four MI groups with postoperative intervals of 2, 5, 7, and 10 days (n = 12\/group). MI was induced via permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Cardiac tissues were subjected to histological analyses (HE and Masson\u2019s trichrome staining), immunohistochemical profiling, and quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) (TH, PGP9.5, and SYN). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that TH-, PGP9.5-, and SYN-immunopositive sympathetic nerves were present in the epicardium, myocardial interstitium, and the periphery of small blood vessels in normal mice. Normal cardiomyocytes were negative for TH but exhibited focal expression of PGP9.5 and SYN. In the myocardial infarction tissue, TH-positive staining indicated sympathetic nerve proliferation in the epicardium, myocardial infarction border zone, and infarct zone, with peak expression occurring at 7 days post-MI. In contrast to TH, PGP9.5 exhibited prominent immunoreactivity, specifically localized to the infarct core and peri-infarct zone cardiomyocytes, while SYN was primarily located in fibroblast-like cells within the same region. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that the time-dependent trends of TH, PGP9.5, and SYN mRNAs exhibited similarities, peaking between 5 and 7 days post-MI. TH demonstrates higher specificity than PGP9.5 and SYN in sympathetic nerve identification, solidifying its role as the optimal biomarker for post-MI sympathetic remodeling. The ectopic expression of PGP9.5 and SYN in non-neuronal cells within myocardial infarction tissue remains speculative and requires further mechanistic studies for validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T10:54:48Z","timestamp":1759229688000},"page":"9456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sympathetic Biomarker Dynamics Post-Myocardial Infarction: TH, PGP9.5, and SYN Expression Discordance in Murine Hearts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5216-4600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianshui","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoqing","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Design and Evaluation Technology of Advanced Implantable & Interventional Medical Devices, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.304679","article-title":"Cardiac Innervation and Sudden Cardiac Death","volume":"116","author":"Fukuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. 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