{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:41:33Z","timestamp":1787737293569,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surgical trauma triggers oxidative and inflammatory responses that contribute to postoperative complications. Although the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ketamine have been reported, the impact of anesthesia duration on these mechanisms remains unclear. Forty-two male Wistar rats were randomized into healthy control (HG), ketamine only (KET; 60 mg\/kg, i.p.), or laparotomy plus ketamine with 0\u20134 additional ketamine doses at 20 min intervals (KET + L, KET + L1\u2013L4). At 24 h, levels of MDA, tGSH, SOD, CAT, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured in tail-vein blood. One-way ANOVA with Tukey\u2019s post hoc test was used. Laparotomy under single-dose ketamine increased MDA and pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased tGSH, SOD, CAT, ADR, and NDR versus HG and KET (all p &lt; 0.001). After laparotomy, repeated ketamine dosing produced graded decreases in MDA and cytokines and increases in tGSH, SOD, CAT, ADR, and NDR toward control levels; effects were most pronounced in KET + L4 (all p &lt; 0.001). Ketamine alone did not differ significantly from HG. In rats, ketamine modulates postoperative biological stress in a duration-dependent manner; prolonging anesthesia reduces oxidative\u2013inflammatory load and restores catecholaminergic tone. These findings strongly support revisiting dose\u2013duration protocols and underscore the need for mechanistic and clinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T10:54:48Z","timestamp":1759229688000},"page":"9465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relationship Between the Duration of Intravenous Ketamine Anesthesia and Postoperative Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ramazan","family":"Ince","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Erzurum City Hospital, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habip Burak","family":"Ozgodek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Erzurum City Hospital, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1453-4524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agah Abdullah","family":"Kahramanlar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Erzurum City Hospital, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5431-111X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurinisa","family":"Yucel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Services Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100 Erzincan, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cengiz","family":"Sar\u0131g\u00fcl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100 Erzincan, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9239-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halis","family":"Suleyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100 Erzincan, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2021.1891808","article-title":"Contribution of oxidative stress in the mechanisms of postoperative complications and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.5505\/deutfd.2021.71135","article-title":"Assessment of postoperative complications in a university hospital in Turkey: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"35","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl \u00dcniversitesi T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi Derg."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"6493","article-title":"Progress of Perioperative Oxidative Stress in Children","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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