{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:33Z","timestamp":1787028573960,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["124020500027-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["124020500027-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Perm Krai","award":["19-44-590014 r_a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-44-590014 r_a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a primary cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs), with recurrent cases often linked to its ability to form biofilms. This study investigated the effects of various antibiotics on UPEC biofilm formation and the subsequent interaction of these biofilms\/their supernatants with human neutrophils. We determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), and biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC) for ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin. Our results showed an increase in MBEC compared to MBC for all tested antibiotics, confirming the enhanced antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilm. We found that sub-MICs of ciprofloxacin, which moderately inhibited planktonic growth, actually stimulated an increase in biofilm biomass. This antibiotic-induced biofilm growth was accompanied by changes in bacterial morphology, including the formation of elongated, filamentous cells, an adaptive stress response. Biofilm-embedded bacteria, but not their supernatants, significantly reduced neutrophil viability, primarily by inducing neutrophil necrosis. The presence of ciprofloxacin during biofilm formation did not fundamentally alter interactions with neutrophils. These findings highlight the importance of studying effects of antibiotic pressure on biofilm formation, underscoring the challenges in antibiotic treatment of UTIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T15:38:55Z","timestamp":1759246735000},"page":"9484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Biofilms: Antibiotic Pressure and Interaction with Human Neutrophils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2776-8023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina L.","family":"Maslennikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences\u2014Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 614081 Perm, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Ye. A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, 614000 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6706-5912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina V.","family":"Nekrasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences\u2014Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 614081 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0200-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjanca","family":"Star\u010di\u010d Erjavec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina V.","family":"Karimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centralized Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory LLC, 614000 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2448-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina V.","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences\u2014Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 614081 Perm, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Ye. A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, 614000 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bonkat, G., Kranz, J., Cai, T., Geerlings, S.E., K\u00f6ves, B., Pilatz, A., Medina-Polo, J., Schneidewind, L., Schubert, S., and Veeratterapillay, R. (2020, July 24). EAU Guidelines: Urological Infections [Uroweb]. Available online: https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guideline\/urological-infections\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.6652","article-title":"UPEC strain characterization isolated from Mexican patients with recurrent urinary infections","volume":"10","author":"Delgado","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Aggarwal, N., and Leslie, S.W. (2025, January 20). 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