{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:09:13Z","timestamp":1792066153914,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an autoantibody-mediated central nervous system disorder with diverse neuropsychiatric and neurological manifestations, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute and subacute neurological or psychiatric syndromes. In this retrospective study, we analyzed 65 patients: 54 with AE (47 antibody-positive, seven antibody-negative) and 11 antibody-positive without AE. The most frequently detected antibodies targeted N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1), and contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2)\u2014key synaptic and axonal membrane proteins involved in excitatory neurotransmission, neuronal signaling, and synaptic plasticity. Clinical presentations were heterogeneous, ranging from common neuropsychiatric, cognitive, and seizure manifestations to atypical brainstem or cerebellar features. Symptom distribution analysis further demonstrated distinct patterns among Ab-positive AE, Ab-negative AE, and Ab-positive non-AE groups, with specific symptom\u2013antibody associations providing potential diagnostic clues. Diagnostic complexity was underscored by unusual age at onset, overlap with multiple sclerosis, cases preceded by herpes labialis, and dual-antibody detection. A subset of antibody-positive patients had alternative diagnoses, highlighting the need for careful clinical correlation and cautious interpretation of antibody results. These findings illustrate the diagnostic challenges and broad clinical spectrum of AE, emphasizing the importance of integrating serological, clinical, and imaging data to improve diagnostic accuracy and guide management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T15:38:55Z","timestamp":1759246735000},"page":"9541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Autoimmune Encephalitis with Neuronal Surface Autoantibodies and Other Suspected Cases of Autoimmune Etiology: A Single-Center Experience in Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6553-9080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Kurkowska-Jastrz\u0119bska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8410-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Polanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9910-822X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kurczych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8912-2973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Cudna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2953-1943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halina","family":"Sienkiewicz-Jarosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy in Warsaw, 00-136 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0335-3288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Piechal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5866","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0167-10.2010","article-title":"Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis","volume":"30","author":"Hughes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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