{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T22:31:14Z","timestamp":1782253874365,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PI15\/00153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI15\/00153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DTS18\/00101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTS18\/00101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021SGR052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SGR052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Researchers Consolidation Program","award":["CES09\/020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CES09\/020"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Trabajo y Econom\u00eda Social","award":["2022-C23.I01.P03.S0020-0000209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-C23.I01.P03.S0020-0000209"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The need for prostate cancer (PCa)-specific biomarkers that enable more accurate detection of the disease and better prediction of tumor aggressiveness remains ongoing due to the low cancer specificity of PSA screening. Several potential mRNA markers for diagnosing PCa, in tissue and urine, have been reported in the literature. In this study, we aim to explore the potential of selected prostate-specific molecules and transcripts contained in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in semen to predict PCa risk reclassification for patients with moderately elevated PSA levels\u2014a clinical scenario where identifying truly non-invasive biomarkers is especially critical. RT-qPCR analysis in semen sEVs successfully showed differential expression of KLK3 and PCA3 genes between PCa and healthy controls, whereas CREB3L4, CCNQ and DUSP23 levels were related to the severity or degree of PCa affectation. Our findings also present strong evidence that classifiers based on combined long transcript levels in semen sEVs serve as effective biomarkers. They can be used alone or in combination with blood PSA and\/or semen citric acid levels to improve the diagnosis of PCa and assess its severity and disease progression with high accuracy. This strategy would allow a more comprehensive assessment, increase prognostic accuracy, and facilitate accurate clinical decision-making in the management of PCa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T15:38:55Z","timestamp":1759246735000},"page":"9562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Candidate Transcript Panel in Semen Extracellular Vesicles Can Improve Prediction of Aggressiveness of Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7099-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Ferre-Giraldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune-Inflammatory Processes and Gene Therapeutics Group, Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manel","family":"Castells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Service, Bellvitge University Hospital-ICS, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4293-9923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Madurga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Territorial Clinical Laboratory Metropolitan South, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadna","family":"Arbiol-Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Territorial Clinical Laboratory Metropolitan South, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"de Rocco-Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology Service-Puigvert Foundation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Llu\u00eds","family":"Bassas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology Service-Puigvert Foundation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3717-6301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesc","family":"Vigu\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Service, Bellvitge University Hospital-ICS, 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4579-5452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Larriba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune-Inflammatory Processes and Gene Therapeutics Group, Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000530","article-title":"The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma: Definition of Grading Patterns and Proposal for a New Grading System","volume":"40","author":"Epstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. 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