{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:22:07Z","timestamp":1759537327882,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health of Colombia","award":["CEMIN 34-2019","CEMIN 10-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEMIN 34-2019","CEMIN 10-2023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009543","name":"Pontificia Universidad Javeriana","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Taeniasis and neurocysticercosis (NCC), caused by Taenia solium, are significant public health concerns recognised by the World Health Organization (WHO) in developing countries across the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Taeniasis occurs in humans after consuming undercooked pork containing the larval stage (Cysticerci), which matures into the adult reproductive form in the intestine, releasing eggs through faeces. Accidental ingestion of these eggs by humans is the primary cause of NCC, a principal contributor to acquired epilepsy in endemic regions. Interrupting this transmission cycle is crucial to reducing the incidence of human NCC and porcine cysticercosis, thereby underscoring the need for accurate diagnosis and timely treatment of taeniasis. Current diagnostic tests for taeniasis, including microscopy, serology, copro-DNA, and coproantigen assays, exhibit variability in sensitivity, reproducibility, cross-reactivity, and accessibility. To overcome these limitations, bioinformatics tools were integrated with recombinant DNA technology to identify protein sequences with immunological potential. These sequences were evaluated in silico and used to construct an expression system. Subsequently, the antigens were expressed in a eukaryotic system, yielding two purified recombinant protein variants of 21 and 30 kDa. Their purification validated via Western blotting of the molecular tag, paves the way for the development of a direct immunological assay for the specific detection of Taenia solium carriers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T11:06:02Z","timestamp":1759316762000},"page":"9585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Bioinformatics Analysis to Recombinant Expression: Advancing Public Health with Taenia solium Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7081-8468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juana","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1, D.C. 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7633-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Camila Jurado","family":"Guacaneme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1, D.C. 110231, Colombia"},{"name":"Parasitology Group, Directorate of Public Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogot\u00e1, D.C. 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3448-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemencia","family":"Ovalle-Bracho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1, D.C. 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0739-5781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n Trujillo","family":"Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging, Re-Emerging and Neglected Diseases Group, Sub-Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Bogot\u00e1, D.C. 110311, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9563-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Duque-Beltr\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Group, Directorate of Public Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogot\u00e1, D.C. 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Ar\u00e9valo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Group, Directorate of Public Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogot\u00e1, D.C. 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3140-8167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Franco-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Group, Directorate of Public Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogot\u00e1, D.C. 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030, World Health Organization. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00424-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00424-18","article-title":"Laboratory Diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium)","volume":"56","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prodjinotho, U.F., Lema, J., Lacorcia, M., Schmidt, V., Vejzagic, N., Sikasunge, C., Ngowi, B., Winkler, A.S., and Prazeres Da Costa, C. (2020). Host Immune Responses during Taenia solium Neurocysticercosis Infection and Treatment. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008005"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2025, April 02). CDC About Human Tapeworm, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/taeniasis\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14117-7","article-title":"Taenia solium Cysticercosis","volume":"362","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial de la Salud, and Organizaci\u00f3n Panamericana de la Salud (2025, April 02). Teniasis\/Cisticercosis Por Taenia solium. Available online: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/es\/temas\/teniasiscisticercosis-por-taenia-solium."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"92","article-title":"Teniasis Humana Por Taenia solium","volume":"49","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Patol. Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Consejo Directivo OMS (2016). Plan de Acci\u00f3n Para La Eliminaci\u00f3n de Las Enfermedades Infecciosas Desatendidas y Las Medidas Posteriores a La Eliminaci\u00f3n 2016\u20132022, Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial de la Salud."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S116545","article-title":"Human Taeniasis: Current Insights into Prevention and Management Strategies in Endemic Countries","volume":"10","author":"Okello","year":"2017","journal-title":"RMHP"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36341997000300009","article-title":"La Teniosis y Cisticercosis Por Taenia solium","volume":"39","author":"Sarti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-014-0028-5","article-title":"The Parasitological, Immunological, and Molecular Diagnosis of Human Taeniasis with Special Emphasis on Taenia solium Taeniasis","volume":"1","author":"Mwape","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Teniasis\/Cisticercosis: Avances En Diagn\u00f3stico Inmunol\u00f3gico y Molecular","volume":"46","author":"Ferre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn Malariol. Salud Ambient."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00059-7","article-title":"Immunodiagnostic Tools for Taeniasis","volume":"87","author":"Allan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mwape, K.E., Phiri, I.K., Praet, N., Muma, J.B., Zulu, G., Van Den Bossche, P., De Deken, R., Speybroeck, N., Dorny, P., and Gabri\u00ebl, S. (2012). Taenia solium Infections in a Rural Area of Eastern Zambia-A Community Based Study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001594"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.198686","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: Diagnostic Problems & Current Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"144","author":"Rajshekhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201300111X","article-title":"Detection of Human Taeniases in Tibetan Endemic Areas, China","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00511-09","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of a Magnetic Immunochromatographic Test to Detect Taenia solium, Which Causes Taeniasis and Neurocysticercosis in Humans","volume":"17","author":"Handali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060686","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of Taeniasis by Coproantigen Detection","volume":"101","author":"Allan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.433","article-title":"Development of a Species-Specific Coproantigen ELISA for Human Taenia solium Taeniasis","volume":"81","author":"Guezala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.03.008","article-title":"Cloning, Sequencing and Functional Expression of Cytosolic Malate Dehydrogenase from Taenia solium: Purification and Characterization of the Recombinant Enzyme","volume":"128","author":"Nava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06336-4","article-title":"Cloning, Expression, Purification, and Kinetic Characterization of Mitochondrial Thioredoxin (TsTrx2), Cytosolic Thioredoxin (TsTrx1), and Glutaredoxin (TsGrx1) from Taenia solium","volume":"118","author":"Nava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"23","article-title":"Prokaryotic expression and histological localization of the Taenia solium CDC37 gene","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.4161\/bioe.23003","article-title":"Vaccine Development against the Taenia solium Parasite: The Role of Recombinant Protein Expression in Escherichia coli","volume":"4","author":"Gauci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106294","article-title":"Evaluation of Recombinant Glutathione Transferase 26 kDa, Thioredoxin-1, and Endophilin B1 of Taenia solium in the Diagnosis of Human Neurocysticercosis","volume":"227","author":"Fleury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2160-2","article-title":"Comparison of T24H-His, GST-T24H and GST-Ts8B2 Recombinant Antigens in Western Blot, ELISA and Multiplex Bead-Based Assay for Diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis","volume":"10","author":"Noh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1086\/315020","article-title":"A Recombinant 10-kDa Protein of Taenia solium Metacestodes Specific to Active Neurocysticercosis","volume":"180","author":"Chung","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(91)90219-V","article-title":"Vaccination against Taenia Taeniaeformis Infection in Rats Using a Recombinant Protein and Preliminary Analysis of the Induced Antibody Response","volume":"44","author":"Ito","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunyakti Kilinc, S., Simsek, S., Celik, F., and Kesik, H.K. (2021). Cloning, Expression and Serodiagnostic Potential of HSP70 of Taenia Multiceps in Sheep. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 245.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2021.111397"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.021","article-title":"Evaluation of a Novel Dot-ELISA Assay Utilizing a Recombinant Protein for the Effective Diagnosis of Taenia pisiformis Larval Infections","volume":"204","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-020-00280-5","article-title":"Recent Developments in Recombinant Proteins for Diagnosis of Human Fascioliasis","volume":"66","author":"Mirzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Parasit."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boonroumkaew, P., Sadaow, L., Sanpool, O., Rodpai, R., Thanchomnang, T., Phupiewkham, W., Intapan, P.M., and Maleewong, W. (2020). Effectiveness of Strongyloides Recombinant IgG Immunoreactive Antigen in Detecting IgG and IgG4 Subclass Antibodies for Diagnosis of Human Strongyloidiasis Using Rapid Immunochromatographic Tests. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10090615"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"62","article-title":"La Era Posgen\u00f3mica En El Estudio de Los Helmintos","volume":"68","author":"Laclette","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ciencia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.11.016","article-title":"Recombinant Proteins of Helminths with Immunoregulatory Properties and Their Possible Therapeutic Use","volume":"166","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez, S., Adalid-Peralta, L., Palafox-Fonseca, H., Cantu-Robles, V.A., Sober\u00f3n, X., Sciutto, E., Fragoso, G., Bobes, R.J., Laclette, J.P., and Yauner, L.D.P. (2015). Genome Analysis of Excretory\/Secretory Proteins in Taenia solium Reveals Their Abundance of Antigenic Regions (AAR). Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12385"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1282-7","article-title":"Genome-Wide Analysis of Excretory\/Secretory Proteins in Echinococcus Multilocularis: Insights into Functional Characteristics of the Tapeworm Secretome","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2007.01.011","article-title":"Glycoprotein Structural Genomics: Solving the Glycosylation Problem","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirzadeh, A., Yoosefy, A., Kazemirad, E., Barati, Z., Golkar, M., Babaie, J., Jafarihaghighi, F., and Valadkhani, Z. (2018). Evaluation of a Set of Refolded Recombinant Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Human Fascioliasis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203490"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3976","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.O113.028357","article-title":"A Library of Functional Recombinant Cell-Surface and Secreted P. Falciparum Merozoite Proteins","volume":"12","author":"Crosnier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.10.003","article-title":"A Library of Recombinant Babesia Microti Cell Surface and Secreted Proteins for Diagnostics Discovery and Reverse Vaccinology","volume":"49","author":"Elton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2005.01.019","article-title":"Comparison of Affinity Tags for Protein Purification","volume":"41","author":"Lichty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"IBA Lifesciences (2020). Comprehensive Comparison of the Strep-Tag\u00ae Technology with the His-Tag System, IBA Lifesciences."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine (2025, April 08). National Center for Biotechnology Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W24","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx346","article-title":"BepiPred-2.0: Improving Sequence-Based B-Cell Epitope Prediction Using Conformational Epitopes","volume":"45","author":"Jespersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Department of Health Technology (2023, December 01). BepiPred-2.0 Prediction of Potential Linear B-Cell Epitopes, Available online: https:\/\/services.healthtech.dtu.dk\/services\/BepiPred-2.0\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0036-z","article-title":"SignalP 5.0 Improves Signal Peptide Predictions Using Deep Neural Networks","volume":"37","author":"Tsirigos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyson, J. (2019). Bead-Free Long Fragment LSK109 Library Preparation V1, Snutch Lab, UBC.","DOI":"10.17504\/protocols.io.7eshjee"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/19\/9585\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T04:24:30Z","timestamp":1759465470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/19\/9585"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26199585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26199585","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}