{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:25:33Z","timestamp":1785216333790,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Environmental and Life Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Norovirus (NoV) is a symptomatic virus that is the leading cause of gastrointestinal disease. It spreads easily through the fecal\u2013oral route and contact with contaminated food or surfaces. Maintaining a high level of hygiene in food industry settings and refocusing food production on isolating and testing natural compounds that exhibit antimicrobial and antioxidant properties are important elements in preventing NoVs infection. This study evaluated plant extracts prepared by cold brew and cold concentrate techniques for their antioxidant and antiviral activity. The extracts obtained demonstrated high antioxidant activity, with notable variation depending on the plant material, ranging from moderate to very strong levels. Correspondingly, high antiviral potential was observed, reaching the nearly complete inactivation of the virus. Remarkably, the highest virucidal effects were already achieved at relatively elevated, but not maximal, antioxidant activity levels. The results of the study indicate that cold water extraction techniques allow for the obtention of plant extracts showing strong virus-inactivating activity and favorable antioxidant activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T09:38:08Z","timestamp":1759397888000},"page":"9617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antioxidant and Antiviral Potential of Cold-Brewed and Cold-Concentrated Plant Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6953-9926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Janicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Functional Food Products Development, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 37, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Maksimowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Food Products Development, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 37, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Chwirot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7369-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Oziemb\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Food Products Development, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 37, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1809-9531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Michalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 H. Jordana Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9417-767X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Nawirska-Olsza\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 37, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Por\u0119ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-1650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Baluta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Materials, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspi\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2817-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Kaczmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8509-7507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Stygar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 H. Jordana Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6694-2872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Ba\u017can\u00f3w","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-015-1479-y","article-title":"Techniques for Extraction of Green Tea Polyphenols: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Pasrija","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Squeo, M., Mondelli, G., Cappello, F., Colonna, G., Logrieco, A., and Summo, G. (2023). Comparative analysis of hot and cold infusions of single-estate teas (Camellia sinensis) from Europe: A novel specialty product. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061306"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Zhou, Y., Zong, Y., Wu, J., and Lao, F. (2025). Comparative Decoding of Physicochemical and Flavor Profiles of Coffee Prepared by High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide, Ice Drip, and Traditional Cold Brew. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14162840"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"263","article-title":"Polyphenols in the prevention of lifestyle diseases","volume":"4","author":"Koszowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Post\u0119py Fitoter."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1039\/b311404j","article-title":"Anthocyanins and other flavonoids","volume":"21","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2000.10718972","article-title":"The changing face of functional foods","volume":"19","author":"Hasler","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110221","article-title":"Nontargeted metabolomics reveals the discrimination of Cyclocarya paliurus leaves brewed by different methods","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annunziata, G., Maisto, M., Schisano, C., Ciampaglia, R., Narciso, V., Tenore, G.C., and Novellino, E. (2018). Resveratrol as a novel anti-herpes simplex virus nutraceutical agent: An overview. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090473"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2016.1120670","article-title":"The preventive and therapeutic potential of natural polyphenols on influenza","volume":"14","author":"Bahramsoltani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.06.022","article-title":"Polyphenol compounds and pkc signaling","volume":"1860","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Wawer, I., and R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ski, H. (2022). Ro\u015bliny zielarskie, kosmetyki naturalne i \u017cywno\u015b\u0107 funkcjonalna. Monografia Naukowa VII Konferencji: Ro\u015bliny Lecznicze i Leki Zio\u0142owe w Terapii i Profilaktyce Chor\u00f3b Wirusowych. Naturalne Substancje Przeciwwirusowe, Karpacka Pa\u0144stwowa Uczelnia w Kro\u015bnie."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.09.056","article-title":"Quality characters, chemical composition and biological activities of oregano (Origanum spp.) essential oils from central and southern Argentina","volume":"63","author":"Asensio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.11.008","article-title":"Phytochemical overview and medicinal importance of Coffea species from the past until now","volume":"9","author":"Patay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belayneh, A., and Bussa, N.F. (2014). Ethnomedicinal plants used to treat human ailments in the prehistoric place of Harla and Dengego valleys, eastern Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-10-18"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, H., Toyang, N., Steele, B., Bryant, J., Ngwa, W., and Nedamat, K. (2021). The Current and Potential Application of Medicinal Cannabis Products in Dentistry. Dent. J., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9090106"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chacon, F.T., Raup-Konsavage, W.M., Vrana, K.E., and Kellogg, J.J. (2022). Secondary terpenes in Cannabis sativa l.: Synthesis and synergy. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123142"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7882","DOI":"10.20964\/2018.08.57","article-title":"Determination of Total Phenolics Contents, Antioxidant Capacity of Thymus vulgaris Extracts using Electrochemical and Spectrophotometric methods","volume":"13","author":"Baghiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Disler, M., Ivemeyer, S., Hamburger, M., Vogl, C.R., Tesic, A., Klarer, F., Beat, M., and Walkenhorst, M. (2014). Ethnoveterinary herbal remedies used by farmers in four north-eastern swiss cantons (st. Gallen, thurgau, appenzell innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden). J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-10-32"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5836","article-title":"Chemical composition and immuno-modulatory effects of Urtica dioica l. (stinging nettle) extracts","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"719","article-title":"Ethnobotanical Studies on Urtica dioica Linn. among the Bhotias of ChaMoli Garhwal, U.P","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Econ. Taxon. Bot."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.04.038","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs","volume":"105","author":"Czemerys","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"715","article-title":"Chemiluminescence Determination of the Total Antioxidant Capacity of Rosemary Extract","volume":"63","author":"Popa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"3757","article-title":"Zingiber officinale Roscoe: A comprehensive review of clinical properties","volume":"72","author":"Bitari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Proc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson, J.B. (2012). Applications of the phytomedicine Echinacea purpurea (Purple Coneflower) in infectious diseases. BioMed Res. Int., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/769896"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2016.09.010","article-title":"Volatile constituents and biological activities of the leaf and root of Echinacea species from South Africa","volume":"25","author":"Nyalambisa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.126081","article-title":"Characterization of key aroma compounds in aged garlic extract","volume":"312","author":"Abe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranasinghe, P., Pigera, S., Premakumara, G.A., Galappaththy, P., Constantine, G.R., and Katulanda, P. (2013). Medicinal properties of \u2018true\u2019 cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): A systematic review. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-275"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3109\/19390211.2011.627783","article-title":"An evidence-based systematic review of cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration","volume":"8","author":"Ulbricht","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"72","article-title":"Medicinal plant Allium sativum\u2013A review","volume":"4","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Plant Stud."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s002170050054","article-title":"Chemical composition and classification of culinary and pharmaceutical garlic based products","volume":"204","author":"Kubec","year":"1997","journal-title":"Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. A"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Garlic: A spice with wide medicinal actions","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70767-4","article-title":"Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1345","article-title":"Sequence and genomic organization of Norwalk virus","volume":"195","author":"Jiang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludwig-Begall, L.F., Mauroy, A., and Thiry, E. (2021). Noroviruses-The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081541"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.071114","article-title":"Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartsch, S.M., Lopman, B.A., Ozawa, S., Hall, A.J., and Lee, B.Y. (2016). Global Economic Burden of Norovirus Gastroenteritis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151219"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.09.054","article-title":"Effect of Dried Powder Preparation Process on Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon L.)","volume":"77","author":"Lachowicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayashi, K., Komatsu, S., Kuno, H., Asai, S., Matsuura, I., Kudkyal, V., and Kawahara, T. (2022). Virucidal and immunostimulating activities of monogalactosyl diacylglyceride from Coccomyxa sp. kj, a green microalga, against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20020131"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12453","article-title":"Antiviral efficacy and mechanisms of action of oregano essential oil and its primary component carvacrol against murine norovirus","volume":"116","author":"Gilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-021-00958-0","article-title":"; Chung, M. Mori cortex radicis extract inhibits human norovirus surrogate in simulated digestive conditions","volume":"30","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2015.05.011","article-title":"Antiviral effects of grape seed extract against feline calicivirus, murine norovirus, and hepatitis a virus in model food systems and under gastric conditions","volume":"52","author":"Joshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2019.94022","article-title":"Selected plant extracts show antiviral effects against murine norovirus surrogate","volume":"9","author":"Iloghalu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"96","article-title":"Antiviral activity of seaweed extracts against feline calicivirus","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4490\/algae.2015.30.3.241","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity of dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol-a isolated from edible brown alga Eisenia bicyclis against murine norovirus","volume":"30","author":"Eom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Algae"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0260-8774(02)00497-1","article-title":"Mass transfer process during extraction of phenolic compounds from milled berries","volume":"59","author":"Cacace","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.06.094","article-title":"Decoction, infusion and hydroalcoholic extract of cultivated thyme: Antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and phenolic characterisation","volume":"167","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7313","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15107313","article-title":"Plant phenolics: Extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.04.017","article-title":"Relationship between Antioxidant Capacity and Total Phenolic Content of Red, Ros\u00e9 and White Wines","volume":"105","author":"Perestrelo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"81","article-title":"Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity and biological contaminants in medicinal herbs","volume":"46","author":"Atanassova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Univ. Chem. Technol. Metall."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10702","article-title":"Phenolic compounds versus SARS-CoV-2: An update on the main findings against COVID-19","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110141","article-title":"Chemical and sensory evaluation of cold brew coffees using different roasting profiles and brewing methods","volume":"141","author":"Moreno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12606","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.12606","article-title":"Effect of falling-film freeze concentration on bioactive compounds in aqueous coffee extract","volume":"41","author":"Correa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepahpour, S., Selamat, J., Abdul Manap, M.Y., Khatib, A., and Abdull Razis, A.F. (2018). Comparative Analysis of Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Quantitative Characterization of Some Phenolic Compounds in Selected Herbs and Spices in Different Solvent Extraction Systems. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020402"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"369","article-title":"Flawonoidy w profilaktyce i terapii","volume":"65","author":"Majewska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Farm. Pol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.10.153","article-title":"Analysis of total phenolic, flavonoids, anthocyanins and tannins content in Romanian red wines: Prediction of antioxidant activities and classification of wines using artificial neural networks","volume":"150","author":"Hosu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2015.10.001","article-title":"Functional properties, phenolic constituents and antioxidant potential of industrial apple pomace for utilization as active food ingredient","volume":"4","author":"Rana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellnes"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.01.073","article-title":"\u2018Limoncella\u2019 apple, an Italian apple cultivar: Phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity","volume":"104","author":"Pacifico","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108864","article-title":"Impact of microwave-assisted extraction on roasted coffee carbohydrates, caffeine, chlorogenic acids and coloured compounds","volume":"129","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1021\/jf021099r","article-title":"Utilization of Folin\u2212Ciocalteu phenol reagent for the detection of certain nitrogen compounds","volume":"51","author":"Ikawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziarno, M., Koz\u0142owska, M., Ratusz, K., and Hasalliu, R. (2023). Effect of the Addition of Selected Herbal Extracts on the Quality Characteristics of Flavored Cream and Butter. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12030471"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.12.013","article-title":"Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and toxicity of aqueous extracts from selected Greek medicinal and aromatic plants","volume":"53","author":"Skotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.06.068","article-title":"Water at room temperature as a solvent for the extraction of apple pomace phenolic compounds","volume":"135","author":"Reis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"255","article-title":"Estimation of rutin and ascorbic acid in some Libyan herbal plants by RP-HPLC","volume":"5","author":"Habib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"188","article-title":"An Overview of Coffee Roasting. Caffeinated Beverages","volume":"20","author":"Parliment","year":"2000","journal-title":"ACS Symp. Ser. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/709\/1\/012035","article-title":"Chemical compounds and antioxidant activity in caffeinated and decaffeinated green robusta coffee beans enriched with ginger extract","volume":"709","author":"Sukoco","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34392-w","article-title":"Acidity and Antioxidant Activity of Cold Brew Coffee","volume":"8","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ueda, K., Kawabata, R., Irie, T., Nakai, Y., Tohya, Y., and Sakaguchi, T. (2013). Inactivation of pathogenic viruses by plant-derived tannins: Strong effects of extracts from persimmon (Diospyros kaki) on a broad range of viruses. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055343"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1859","article-title":"Inhibition by caffeic acid of the influenza A virus multiplication in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Utsunomiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5642","article-title":"Chemistry, Pharmacology and Health Benefits of Anthocyanins","volume":"30","author":"Smeriglio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jud\u017eentien\u0117, A., Garjonyt\u0117, R., and B\u016bdien\u0117, J. (2023). Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Various Extracts of Fibre Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Cultiv. Lithuania. Mol., 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28134928"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of extraction methods on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some spices and herbs extracts","volume":"1","author":"Abdelfadel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Technol. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"514","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of Turkish thyme (Thymus vulgaris) monitored by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"20","author":"Bursal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"548","article-title":"Changes in Total Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) from Spring to Autumn","volume":"64","author":"Koczka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Khan, M.I., Ullah, N.F., Khan, M.I., and Khan, M.A. (2019). Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extracts: A comprehensive review. Antioxidants, 8."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irakli, M., Skendi, A., Bouloumpasi, E., Christaki, S., Biliaderis, C.G., and Chatzopoulou, P. (2023). Sustainable recovery of phenolic compounds from distilled rosemary by-product using green extraction methods: Optimization, comparison, and antioxidant activity. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186669"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"28","article-title":"Influence of maturity and drying temperature on antioxi-dant activity and chemical compositions in ginger","volume":"19","author":"Sida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-015-0154-4","article-title":"Effects of extraction methods on the phenolic com-pounds contents and antioxidant capacities of cinnamon extracts","volume":"24","author":"Dvorackova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, X., Yang, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Tian, Y., Li, C., Bao, L., Ma, C., and Abd El-Aty, A.M. (2022). Feasibility of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Accelerated Cold Brew Coffee Processing: Characterization and Comparison with Conventional Brewing Methods. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.849811"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"55","article-title":"Determination of total phenolic content, radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity of cinnamon bark, black cumin sees and garlic","volume":"4","author":"Wijewardhana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Adv. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2021.1978941","article-title":"A new high-quality elderberry plant extract exerts antiviral and immunomodulatory effects in vitro and ex vivo","volume":"32","author":"Doebis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pachura, N., W\u0142odarczyk, M., Bazan\u00f3w, B., Pogorzelska, A., Gebarowski, T., Kupczynski, R., and Szumny, A. (2024). Antiviral and Cytotoxic Activities of Ilex aquifolium Silver Queen in the Context of Chemical Profiling of Two Ilex Species. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29133231"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Ross, I.A. (2005). Medicinal Plants of the World, Humana Press Inc."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12674","article-title":"Infection control for norovirus","volume":"20","author":"Barclay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infection."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"204993612211367","article-title":"Norovirus disease among older adults","volume":"9","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00215-20","article-title":"Norovirus replication in human intestinal epithelial cells is restricted by the interferon-induced jak\/stat signaling pathway and rna polymerase ii-mediated transcriptional responses","volume":"11","author":"Hosmillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chojnacka, K., Skrzypczak, D., Izydorczyk, G., Mikula, K., Szopa, D., and Witek-Krowiak, A. (2021). Antiviral properties of polyphenols from plants. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102277"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2018.01.001","article-title":"Antiviral effect of polyphenol rich plant extracts on herpes simplex virus type 1","volume":"7","author":"Salib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-7-26","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected medicinal plants and fungi containing phenolic and flavonoid compounds","volume":"7","author":"Diaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1279","article-title":"In vitro anti-melanoma activity of phenolic compounds from the Egyptian medicinal plant Acacia nilotica","volume":"82","author":"Salem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"4049","article-title":"Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Bioorganiczna Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.22146\/ijpther.2310","article-title":"The potential of polyphenols from natural ingredients against SARS-CoV-2 infection: A review","volume":"2","author":"Hendrayana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indones. J. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Antiviral properties of the natural polyphenols delphinidin and epigallocatechin gallate against the flaviviruses West Nile virus, Zika virus, and Dengue virus","volume":"146","author":"Saiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28162","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028162","article-title":"Can polyphenols improve the gut health status in pre-clinical study with diet-induced obesity?","volume":"100","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00402-14","article-title":"Mechanisms of antiviral action of plant antimicrobials against murine norovirus","volume":"80","author":"Gilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozzi, L., Vicenza, T., Battistini, R., Masotti, C., Suffredini, E., Di Pasquale, S., Fauconnier, M.-L., Ercolini, C., and Serracca, L. (2023). Effects of Essential Oils and Hydrolates on the Infectivity of Murine Norovirus. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030682"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"8","article-title":"Effect of cinnamon, rosemary and zataria essential oils on food-borne gastroenteritis viruses","volume":"26","author":"Azizkhani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Maz. Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-593","article-title":"In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Clove and Ginger Aqueous Extracts against Feline Calicivirus, a Surrogate for Human norovirus","volume":"79","author":"Hamada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayd\u0131n, H.B., Korkmaz, S., and Omurtag Korkmaz, B.I. (2023). Antibacterial and antiviral activities of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica l.) Leaf extract on norovirus and campylobacter jejuni as foodborne pathogens. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.55251\/jmbfs.9768"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"366","article-title":"Brewing temperature and particle size affect extraction kinetics of cold brew coffee in terms of its physicochemical, bioactive, and antioxidant properties","volume":"20","author":"Ozuna","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Culin. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Maksimowski, D. (2024). Opracowanie Metody Otrzymywania Napoj\u00f3w Instant Cold Brew Coffee Typu Liquid Opartych na Kawie o Zwi\u0119kszonych W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bciach Sensorycznych i Prozdrowotnych [Development of a Method for Producing Instant Liquid Cold Brew Coffee Based on Coffee with Enhanced Sensory and Health-Promoting Properties]. [Ph.D. Thesis, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wroc\u0142awiu]."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakaria, N.H., Whanmek, K., Thangsiri, S., Chathiran, W., Srichamnong, W., Suttisansanee, U., and Santivarangkna, C. (2023). Optimization of Cold Brew Coffee Using Central Composite Design and Its Properties Compared with Hot Brew Coffee. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12122412"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muzykiewicz-Szyma\u0144ska, A., Nowak, A., Wira, D., and Klimowicz, A. (2021). The effect of brewing process parameters on antioxidant activity and caffeine content in infusions of roasted and unroasted arabica coffee beans originated from different countries. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123681"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(2013). Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics Quantitative Suspension Test for the Evaluation of Virucidal Activity in the Medical Area. Test Method and Requirements (Phase 2\/Step 1) (Standard No. EN 14476)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/19\/9617\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T09:38:36Z","timestamp":1759397916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/19\/9617"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26199617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26199617","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]}}}