{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:21:22Z","timestamp":1789500082280,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011755","name":"National Center for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Journal of Laws of 2022, item 1634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Journal of Laws of 2022, item 1634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011755","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ERA-Net Neuron International","award":["Grant No. 20\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 20\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterized by disruptions in central nervous system functioning and existential crises, yet the mechanistic links between neurobiological processes and dimensions of life meaning and identity remain underexplored. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between stress biomarkers (serotonin, cortisol, noradrenaline, and interleukin-12 [IL-12]) and existential attitudes (measured using the Life Attitude Profile (Revised) [LAP-R]) in mining rescuers, considering PTSD duration and participant age. This cross-sectional study included 92 men aged 18\u201350 years, divided into three groups: no PTSD (n = 28), PTSD \u2264 5 years (n = 33), and PTSD &gt; 5 years (n = 31). Serum levels of four biomarkers and LAP-R scores across eight domains were evaluated. Statistical analyses employed nonparametric tests, including the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test for overall group differences (with Wilcoxon r effect sizes for pairwise comparisons, Mann\u2013Whitney U tests for post hoc pairwise comparisons, and Spearman\u2019s rank correlations for biomarker\u2013LAP-R associations. Age effects were assessed in two strata: 18\u201335 years and 36\u201350 years. Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests revealed significant group differences (p &lt; 0.001) for all biomarkers and most LAP-R domains, with very large effect sizes (r &gt; 0.7) in pairwise comparisons for serotonin (control median: 225.2 ng\/mL vs. PTSD \u2264 5y: 109.9 ng\/mL, r = 0.86; vs. PTSD &gt; 5y: 148.0 ng\/mL, r = 0.86), IL-12 (control: ~8.0 pg\/mL vs. PTSD \u2264 5y: 62.4 pg\/mL, r = 0.86; vs. PTSD &gt; 5y: ~21.0 pg\/mL, r = 0.69), and LAP-R scales such as Life Purpose (control: 54.0 vs. PTSD \u2264 5y: 39.0, r = 0.78; vs. PTSD &gt; 5y: 20.0, r = 0.86) and Coherence (control: 53.0 vs. PTSD \u2264 5y: 34.0, r = 0.85; vs. PTSD &gt; 5y: 23.0, r = 0.86). The PTSD \u2264 5y group exhibited decreased serotonin, cortisol (median: 9.8 \u00b5g\/dL), and noradrenaline (271.7 pg\/mL) with elevated IL-12 (all p &lt; 0.001 vs. control), alongside reduced LAP-R scores. The PTSD &gt; 5y group showed elevated cortisol (median: ~50.0 \u00b5g\/dL, p &lt; 0.001 vs. control, r = 0.86) and normalized IL-12 but persistent LAP-R deficits. Older participants (36\u201350 years) in the PTSD \u2264 5y group displayed improved existential attitudes (e.g., Life Purpose: 47.0 vs. 27.5 in 18\u201335 years, p &lt; 0.001), whereas in PTSD &gt; 5y, age exacerbated biological stress (cortisol: 57.6 \u00b5g\/dL vs. 36.1 \u00b5g\/dL, p = 0.003). Spearman correlations revealed stage-specific patterns, such as negative associations between cortisol and Death Acceptance in PTSD &gt; 5y (\u03c1 = \u22120.49, p = 0.005). PTSD alters biomarker levels and their associations with existential dimensions, with duration and age modulating patient profiles. These findings underscore the necessity for integrated therapies addressing both biological and existential facets of PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T16:18:33Z","timestamp":1759421913000},"page":"9636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Neurobiological and Existential Profiles in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Role of Serotonin, Cortisol, Noradrenaline, and IL-12 Across Chronicity and Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Paraniak-Gieszczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Dlugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa, Waszyngtona 4\/8 Street, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5425-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa Alicja","family":"Og\u0142odek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Dlugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa, Waszyngtona 4\/8 Street, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15930-5","article-title":"PTSD is associated with neuroimmune suppression: Evidence from PET imaging and postmortem transcriptomic studies","volume":"11","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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