{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:11:33Z","timestamp":1777860693296,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thallium is a soft metal with a grey or silvery hue. It commonly occurs in two oxidation states in chemical compounds: Tl+ and Tl3+. Thermodynamically, Tl+ is significantly more stable and typically represents the dominant form of thallium in environmental systems. However, in this chemical form, thallium remains highly toxic. This study focuses on the modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with silver nanostructures stabilised by potato starch derivatives. The modified electrode (GCE\/AgNPs-E1451) was used for the determination of trace amounts of thallium ions using anodic stripping voltammetry. Emphasis was placed on assessing the effect of surface modification on key electrochemical performance parameters of the electrode. Measurements were carried out in a base electrolyte (EDTA) and in a real soil sample collected from Bali. The stripping peak current of thallium exhibited linearity over the concentration range from 19 to 410 ppb (9.31 \u00d7 10\u22128 to 2.009 \u00d7 10\u22126 mol\/dm3). The calculated limit of detection (LOD) was 18.8 ppb (9.21 \u00d7 10\u22128 mol\/dm3), while the limit of quantification (LOQ), corresponded to 56.4 ppb (2.76 \u00d7 10\u22127 mol\/dm3). The GCE\/AgNPs-E1451 electrode demonstrates several significant advantages, including a wide detection range, reduced analysis time due to the elimination of time-consuming pre-concentration steps, and non-toxic operation compared to mercury-based electrodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T09:22:47Z","timestamp":1759483367000},"page":"9658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Functional Biopolymer-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles on Glassy Carbon: A Voltammetric Sensor for Trace Thallium(I) Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2437-2023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Karbowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Giera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2071-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Modrzejewska-Sikorska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6659-9728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Konowa\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-020-09564-8","article-title":"Abundance and fate of thallium and its stable isotopes in the environment","volume":"20","author":"Migaszewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. 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