{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:13:16Z","timestamp":1792498396010,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder connected with insulin resistance (IR), low-grade inflammation, dyslipidemia, and altered adipokine secretion. We evaluated serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, resistin, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 in 150 women with PCOS, stratified by IR status (IR, n = 76; non-IR, n = 74), and examined their associations with anthropometric, metabolic, hormonal, inflammatory, and atherogenic parameters. Anthropometric data included body weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), while IR was assessed using HOMA-IR and the Matsuda index. Serum adipokines were measured using ELISA, and lipid parameters and atherogenic indices\u2014including non-HDL cholesterol, AIP, leptin\/adiponectin, and adiponectin\/resistin ratios\u2014were calculated. Women with IR had higher levels of leptin, visfatin, resistin, and TNF-\u03b1, and lower levels of adiponectin. Leptin correlated positively with weight, WHtR, HOMA-IR, and atherogenic indices. Adiponectin showed the strongest and most consistent associations with anthropometric indices, HOMA-IR, and the Matsuda index. Resistin was linked to IR indices and IL-6, and visfatin correlated negatively with HDL-C and insulin sensitivity. In a multivariate general linear model, WHtR, but not HOMA-IR, remained independently associated with higher leptin levels and with atherogenic indices. These findings suggest that in PCOS, central adiposity rather than IR explains a substantial part of the adverse adipokine and inflammatory profile, thereby contributing to elevated cardiometabolic risk and highlighting the need for targeted treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T15:05:06Z","timestamp":1759763106000},"page":"9702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Metabolic and Inflammatory Adipokine Profiles in PCOS: A Focus on Adiposity, Insulin Resistance, and Atherogenic Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Koleva-Tyutyundzhieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ilieva-Gerova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Deneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Orbetzova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.05.003","article-title":"Criteria, prevalence, and phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Lizneva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. 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