{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:41:28Z","timestamp":1785937288680,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25-25-00089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-25-00089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemia\u2013reperfusion (I\/R) injury is a complex pathological process underlying numerous acute organ failures and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis, and organ transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have demonstrated considerable therapeutic potential, but their broad tropism and general repair signaling may limit their efficacy. This review addresses the emerging paradigm of using organ-specific EVs for the treatment of I\/R injury in the respective organs. We summarize the existing studies performed on experimental animals showing that these native EVs could possess tissue tropism and carry a specialized cargo of proteins, miRNAs, and lipids tailored to the unique regenerative needs of their organ of origin, enabling them to precisely modulate key processes, including inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis. However, their clinical translation faces challenges related to scalable production, standardization, and the dualistic nature of their effects, which can be either protective or detrimental, depending on the cellular source and pathophysiological context. Future developments need to focus on overcoming these obstacles through rigorous isolation protocols, engineering strategies such as cargo enrichment and hybrid vesicle creation, and validation in large-animal models. Overall, organ-specific EVs offer a novel, cell-free therapeutic strategy with the potential to significantly improve outcomes in I\/R injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T15:05:06Z","timestamp":1759763106000},"page":"9709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Organ-Specific Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Ischemic Acute Organ Injury: Mechanisms, Successes, and Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5048-1234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina B.","family":"Pevzner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2720-4575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadezda V.","family":"Andrianova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna K.","family":"Lomakina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5479-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kseniia S.","family":"Cherkesova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizaveta D.","family":"Semenchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2838-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egor Y.","family":"Plotnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2507","article-title":"Ischemia and Reperfusion\u2014From Mechanism to Translation","volume":"17","author":"Eltzschig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071667","article-title":"Myocardial Reperfusion Injury","volume":"357","author":"Yellon","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2022.5147","article-title":"An Update on the Functional Roles of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Ischemic Injury (Review)","volume":"50","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. 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