{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:05:55Z","timestamp":1789585555918,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education","award":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/SKK08\/UNIKL\/02\/3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/SKK08\/UNIKL\/02\/3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes, marked by Schwann cell dysfunction, demyelination, and impaired nerve regeneration. Although Schwann cells undergo phenotypic changes under hyperglycemic conditions, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the effects of high glucose on Schwann cell phenotype and assess the involvement of the mTOR signaling pathway. Primary Schwann cells were isolated from rat sciatic nerves and cultured in media containing 5 mM (control), 25 mM, or 50 mM glucose for five days. Immunofluorescence staining and corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) analysis were used to evaluate expression of key markers: c-Jun, Krox-20, p75NTR, MBP, mTOR, phosphorylated mTOR (Ser2448), and AKR1B1. Among these, significant changes were observed in MBP (p = 0.002), total mTOR (p = 0.001), and phosphorylated mTOR (Ser2448) (p = 0.0179), indicating impaired mTOR activation and loss of myelin protein expression. Non-significant changes in the other markers are discussed as preliminary observations. These findings highlight mTOR dysregulation and impaired myelin protein expression as central features of Schwann cell responses to hyperglycemia, which may contribute to the development of DPN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T15:05:06Z","timestamp":1759763106000},"page":"9724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hyperglycemia Modulates mTOR Signaling and Myelin Protein Expression in Schwann Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Nurul Husna Abd","family":"Razak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), A1-1, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5394-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ubashini","family":"Vijakumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), A1-1, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izyan Mohd","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Setia Murni U13\/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jalilah","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), A1-1, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1727-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Hidayah","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), A1-1, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fazlin","family":"Zaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), No. 3, Jalan Greentown, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noorzaid","family":"Muhamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), No. 3, Jalan Greentown, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9680-6599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Fauzi","family":"Daud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), A1-1, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Hu, Z., Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Luo, W., Du, X., Luo, Z., Hu, J., and Peng, S. (2023). Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: Pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1265372"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.4.817","article-title":"The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: The Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study","volume":"43","author":"Dyck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Bodman, M.A., Dreyer, M.A., and Varacallo, M.A. (2025). Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baum, P., Toyka, K.V., Bl\u00fcher, M., Kosacka, J., and Nowicki, M. (2021). Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DN)-New Aspects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910835"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Sloan, G., Ye, Y., Wang, S., Duan, B., Tesfaye, S., and Gao, L. (2019). New Perspective in Diabetic Neuropathy: From the Periphery to the Brain, a Call for Early Detection, and Precision Medicine. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00929"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, J.T., Yanick, C., Wein, N., and Gomez Limia, C.E. (2023). Neuron-Schwann cell interactions in peripheral nervous system homeostasis, disease, and preclinical treatment. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1248922"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd Razak, N.H., Idris, J., Hassan, N.H., Zaini, F., Muhamad, N., and Daud, M.F. (2024). Unveiling the Role of Schwann Cell Plasticity in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.1297.v1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106189","article-title":"Schwann cells contribute to demyelinating diabetic neuropathy and nerve terminal structures in white adipose tissue","volume":"26","author":"Willows","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Gregorio, C., Contador, D., Campero, M., Ezquer, M., and Ezquer, F. (2018). Characterization of diabetic neuropathy progression in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biol. Open, 7.","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.036830"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12650","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy in prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Stino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.10.008","article-title":"The association of diabetic microvascular and macrovascular disease with cutaneous circulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"33","author":"Eleftheriadou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Its Complicat."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"371","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: New Lessons from Experimental Studies and Clinical Implications","volume":"16","author":"Panou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.157","article-title":"Chronic hyperglycemia mediated physiological alteration and metabolic distortion leads to organ dysfunction, infection, cancer progression and other pathophysiological consequences: An update on glucose toxicity","volume":"107","author":"Giri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.201","article-title":"Schwann cell interactions with axons and microvessels in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"13","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524021666210816093111","article-title":"Diabetic Neuropathy: Review on Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Sanaye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66278","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66278","article-title":"Activation of mTORC1 and c-Jun by Prohibitin1 loss in Schwann cells may link mitochondrial dysfunction to demyelination","volume":"10","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jessen, K.R., and Mirsky, R. (2019). The Success and Failure of the Schwann Cell Response to Nerve Injury. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00033"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.06.021","article-title":"c-Jun reprograms Schwann cells of injured nerves to generate a repair cell essential for regeneration","volume":"75","author":"Latouche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12309","article-title":"Myelination key factor krox-20 is downregulated in Schwann cells and murine sciatic nerves infected by Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"100","author":"Casalenovo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niimi, N., Yako, H., Takaku, S., Chung, S.K., and Sango, K. (2021). Aldose Reductase and the Polyol Pathway in Schwann Cells: Old and New Problems. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031031"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sango, K., Mizukami, H., Horie, H., and Yagihashi, S. (2017). Impaired Axonal Regeneration in Diabetes. Perspective on the Underlying Mechanism from In Vivo and In Vitro Experimental Studies. Front. Endocrinol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00012"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Wang, X.J., Luo, X., Zhang, J., Zhao, X., and Chen, Q. (2024). Diabetic peripheral neuropathy based on Schwann cell injury: Mechanisms of cell death regulation and therapeutic perspectives. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1427679"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(02)50081-7","article-title":"Role of the Schwann cell in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"50","author":"Eckersley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, M., Misra, S., Swarnkar, P., Patel, P., Das Kurmi, B., Das Gupta, G., and Singh, A. (2023). Understanding the role of hyperglycemia and the molecular mechanism associated with diabetic neuropathy and possible therapeutic strategies. Biochem. Pharmacol., 215.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115723"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.300459","article-title":"Ascorbic acid accelerates Wallerian degeneration after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsayed, H., Faroni, A., Ashraf, M.R., Osuji, J., Wunderley, L., Zhang, L., Elsobky, H., Mansour, M., Zidan, A.S., and Reid, A.J. (2020). Development and Characterisation of an in vitro Model of Wallerian Degeneration. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00784"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu257","article-title":"c-Jun activation in Schwann cells protects against loss of sensory axons in inherited neuropathy","volume":"137","author":"Hantke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, C., Guo, Y., Ci, Z., Li, M., Zhang, Y., and Zhou, Y. (2024). Advances of Schwann cells in peripheral nerve regeneration: From mechanism to cell therapy. Biomed. Pharmacother., 175.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116645"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.9.2847","article-title":"The regulation of Krox-20 expression reveals important steps in the control of peripheral glial cell development","volume":"122","author":"Murphy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahlin, L.B. (2023). The Dynamics of Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration in a Healthy Milieu and in Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015241"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.005","article-title":"New Horizons in Diabetic Neuropathy: Mechanisms, Bioenergetics, and Pain","volume":"93","author":"Feldman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4094","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.11.4094","article-title":"Induction of nerve growth factor receptor in Schwann cells after axotomy","volume":"83","author":"Taniuchi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(88)90090-2","article-title":"Expression and possible function of nerve growth factor receptors on Schwann cells","volume":"11","author":"Johnson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201205025","article-title":"c-Jun in Schwann cells promotes axonal regeneration and motoneuron survival via paracrine signaling","volume":"198","author":"Fontana","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23881","article-title":"Schwann cell p75 neurotrophin receptor modulates small fiber degeneration in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"68","author":"Jager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17106","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.631291","article-title":"Hyperglycemia Promotes Schwann Cell De-differentiation and De-myelination via Sorbitol Accumulation and Igf1 Protein Down-regulation","volume":"290","author":"Hao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, S., Bhardwaj, J., and Binukumar, B.K. (2024). Cdk5-mediated oligodendrocyte myelin breakdown and neuroinflammation: Implications for the link between Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis., 1870.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166986"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0103nil\u0103, A.-I., Ghenciu, L.A., Stoicescu, E.R., Bolintineanu, S.L., Iacob, R., S\u0103ndesc, M.-A., and Faur, A.C. (2024). Aldose Reductase as a Key Target in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040747"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felice, F., Sardelli, G., Balestri, F., Piazza, L., Cappiello, M., Mosca, R., Del Corso, A., Avanatti, M., Allegrini, S., and Moschini, R. (2025). Acute Hyperglycemia-Induced Inflammation in MIO-M1 Cells: The Role of Aldose Reductase. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146741"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110285","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i8.110285","article-title":"Microglial metabolic reprogramming: Aucubin inhibits aldose reductase to reverse diabetic neuropathic pain","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19990815)57:4<495::AID-JNR9>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Characterization of polyol pathway in Schwann cells isolated from adult rat sciatic nerves","volume":"57","author":"Suzuki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)84779-8","article-title":"Molecular cloning of cDNA coding for kidney aldose reductase. Regulation of specific mRNA accumulation by NaCl-mediated osmotic stress","volume":"264","author":"Martin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C614","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1989.256.3.C614","article-title":"Signal for induction of aldose reductase in renal medullary cells by high external NaCl","volume":"256","author":"Uchida","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"F90","article-title":"Polyol pathway and osmoregulation in JS1 Schwann cells grown in hyperglycemic and hyperosmotic conditions","volume":"270","author":"Mizisin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116629","article-title":"Altered aldose reductase gene regulation in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"92","author":"Henry","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2018.03.034","article-title":"Hyperglycemia-induced Bcl-2\/Bax-mediated apoptosis of Schwann cells via mTORC1\/S6K1 inhibition in diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"367","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1824-6","article-title":"Effects of High Glucose on Cell Viability and Differentiation in Primary Cultured Schwann Cells: Potential Role of ERK Signaling Pathway","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01056-3","article-title":"The stress-responsive protein REDD1 and its pathophysiological functions","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.18976","article-title":"Inhibition of mTOR signaling Confers Protection against Cerebral Ischemic Injury in Acute Hyperglycemic Rats","volume":"13","author":"Hei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2009-0328","article-title":"Chronic inhibition of the mTORC1\/S6K1 pathway increases insulin-induced PI3K activity but inhibits Akt2 and glucose transport stimulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"24","author":"Veilleux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0921","article-title":"Increased activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in liver and skeletal muscle of obese rats: Possible involvement in obesity-linked insulin resistance","volume":"146","author":"Khamzina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanciu, S.M., Jinga, M., Miricescu, D., Stefani, C., Nica, R.I., Stanescu, S., Vacaroiu, I.A., Greabu, M., and Nica, S. (2024). mTOR Dysregulation, Insulin Resistance, and Hypertension. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081802"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051290","article-title":"Evaluation of a sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor on diabetic peripheral nerve metabolism: A prevention study","volume":"42","author":"Obrosova","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12297","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0986-17.2017","article-title":"Graded Elevation of c-Jun in Schwann Cells In Vivo: Gene Dosage Determines Effects on Development, Remyelination, Tumorigenesis, and Hypomyelination","volume":"37","author":"Fazal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62232","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62232","article-title":"Failures of nerve regeneration caused by aging or chronic denervation are rescued by restoring Schwann cell c-Jun","volume":"10","author":"Wagstaff","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00921-w","article-title":"Characterising cellular and molecular features of human peripheral nerve degeneration","volume":"8","author":"Wilcox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakic, B., Buszko, M., Cappellano, G., and Wick, G. (2017). Elevated sodium leads to the increased expression of HSP60 and induces apoptosis in HUVECs. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179383"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/19\/9724\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T04:25:14Z","timestamp":1759897514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/19\/9724"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26199724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26199724","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]}}}