{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:09:30Z","timestamp":1790798970578,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Health Research (DHR)","award":["R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoFHW)","award":["R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"]}]},{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)","award":["R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"]}]},{"name":"DHR-ICMR","award":["R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"]}]},{"name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","award":["R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.12014\/31\/2022-HR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease contributing to a significant number of morbidities and mortalities globally. Reports indicate that venom variation influences antivenom efficacy, which might affect treatment outcomes. The venom composition of Daboia russelii (Russell\u2019s viper), one of the big four snakes in India, has been extensively studied from different geographical regions of India. Nonetheless, the Russell\u2019s viper venom proteome from Kerala (Western Ghats region), together with its study in comparison with the same species\u2019 venom from Tamil Nadu, has not been explored yet. In the current study, Daboia russelii venom from Irula (RVi) and the Western Ghats region in Kerala (RVwg) was characterized through mass spectrometry-based proteomics and few functional assays. The proteomics study identified 52 proteins from 14 snake protein families in RVi and 61 proteins from 17 snake venom protein families in RVwg. Some of the protein families, including DNase and hyaluronidase, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor, were exclusively identified in RVwg venom. Comparative functional analysis indicated that RVwg exhibited higher fibrinogenolytic and hyaluronidase activities, while RVi venom showed higher phospholipase A2 and L-amino acid oxidase activities. Through ELISA, RVi venom showed an end-point titration value of 1:24,300 for all the antivenoms used in this study, whereas for RVwg, compared to PSAV (Premium serums and vaccines) (1:2700), Virchow and VINS (both 1:8100) antivenoms showed better immunological cross-reactivity. Immunoblotting experiments indicated differential binding and recognition of antigenic epitopes present in both venoms by the polyvalent antivenoms used in the current study. All these findings highlight that the venom proteome varies according to the geographical location, and this significantly influences antivenom efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T08:05:36Z","timestamp":1759824336000},"page":"9734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative Proteomics, Functional Characterization and Immunological Cross-Reactivity Studies on Russell\u2019s Viper Venom from Two Distinct Geographical Regions in South India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4042-7252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisha","family":"Reghu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7135-7628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudharshan","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dileepkumar","family":"Raveendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indriyam Biologics Pvt. Ltd., SCTIMST-TIMED, 5th Floor, M S Valiathan Building, BMT Wing, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bipin Gopalakrishnan","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9364-917X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muralidharan","family":"Vanuopadath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). 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