{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:20:24Z","timestamp":1793060424102,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Statutory Subsidy Funds of the Division of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry","award":["SUBZ.A410.24.017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A410.24.017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal overweight and obesity have reached global epidemic levels, altering metabolic adaptations during pregnancy and lactation. Beyond their well-known impact on gestational outcomes, elevated BMI profoundly influences the secretion of adipokines\u2014hormones derived from adipose tissue that circulate in maternal blood and are secreted into breast milk\u2014thereby directly linking maternal metabolism to offspring development. In this state-of-the-art narrative review, we synthesize current evidence on how maternal overweight and obesity shape concentrations of key adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, obestatin, and resistin) in serum, cord blood and breast milk. Excess maternal weight robustly increases leptin, while effects on adiponectin, ghrelin, obestatin, and resistin remain uncertain. To our knowledge, this is the first review to focus specifically on the impact of maternal overweight and obesity on adipokine alterations across both pregnancy and lactation. Future studies should apply standardized sampling and analytical protocols and use longitudinal designs including body composition assessments to clarify their role in maternal and child metabolic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:48:30Z","timestamp":1759852110000},"page":"9757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Impact of Maternal Overweight and Obesity on Adipokines During Pregnancy and Lactation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9386-8893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Fro\u0144","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 48\/50, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1126-0265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Tomecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0601-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Orczyk-Pawi\u0142owicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 48\/50, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30217-0","article-title":"Preconceptional and Maternal Obesity: Epidemiology and Health Consequences","volume":"4","author":"Poston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2401","article-title":"Global Trends in Prevalence of Maternal Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Routinely Collected Data Retrospective Cohorts","volume":"9","author":"Kent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Popul. Data Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-07349-2","article-title":"Maternal and Long-Term Offspring Outcomes of Obesity during Pregnancy","volume":"309","author":"Alves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e87258","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Management of Maternal Obesity in Pregnancy: Antenatal Management, Outcomes, and Long-Term Implications on Maternal Health","volume":"17","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1","article-title":"Obesity and Pregnancy: Mechanisms of Short Term and Long Term Adverse Consequences for Mother and Child","volume":"356","author":"Catalano","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20200895","article-title":"The Complex Role of Adipokines in Obesity, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity","volume":"135","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.08.018","article-title":"Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ","volume":"316","author":"Galic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutaj, P., Sibiak, R., Jankowski, M., Awdi, K., Bryl, R., Mozdziak, P., Kempisty, B., and Wender-Ozegowska, E. (2020). The Role of the Adipokines in the Most Common Gestational Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249408"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500294-JLR200","article-title":"Adipocyte Death Defines Macrophage Localization and Function in Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice and Humans","volume":"46","author":"Cinti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-01062-4","article-title":"Cell Death and Inflammation during Obesity: \u201cKnow My Methods, WAT(Son)\u201d","volume":"30","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.2217\/17460875.3.5.545","article-title":"Macrophage Infiltration into Adipose Tissue: Initiation, Propagation and Remodeling","volume":"3","author":"Surmi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Future Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabbani, N., Bl\u00fcher, M., Stepan, H., Stumvoll, M., Ebert, T., T\u00f6njes, A., and Schrey-Petersen, S. (2023). Adipokines in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Clinical Data. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051419"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R267","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-21-0288","article-title":"Role of Adipokines in Embryo Implantation","volume":"10","author":"Oghbaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3390\/endocrines5030028","article-title":"Adiponectin and Leptin during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Their Association with Pregnancy Disorders, Fetal Growth and Placental Function","volume":"5","author":"Downs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrines"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02972-y","article-title":"Adipokines in Preeclampsia: Disrupted Signaling Pathways and Novel Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"30","author":"Abdeen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06785-0","article-title":"GDM-Complicated Pregnancies: Focus on Adipokines","volume":"48","author":"Mallardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2015-0031","article-title":"The Roles of Leptin and Adiponectin at the Fetal-Maternal Interface in Humans","volume":"24","author":"Duval","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T47","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0339","article-title":"Adipocytokines in Obesity and Metabolic Disease","volume":"220","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179827","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/179827","article-title":"Regulation of Nutrient Transport across the Placenta","volume":"2012","author":"Lager","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.1531","article-title":"Adipokines in Breast Milk: An Update","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voerman, E., Santos, S., Golab, B.P., Amiano, P., Ballester, F., Barros, H., Bergstr\u00f6m, A., Charles, M.A., Chatzi, L., and Chevrier, C. (2019). Maternal Body Mass Index, Gestational Weight Gain, and the Risk of Overweight and Obesity across Childhood: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. PLoS Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002744"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000364","article-title":"Long-Term Consequences of Obesity on Female Fertility and the Health of the Offspring","volume":"29","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2012.03.010","article-title":"Maternal Obesity, Gestational Weight Gain and Diet as Determinants of Offspring Long Term Health","volume":"26","author":"Poston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30107-3","article-title":"Influence of Maternal Obesity on the Long-Term Health of Offspring","volume":"5","author":"Godfrey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13109","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13109","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the Origins of Health: Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Priorities","volume":"17","author":"Azad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174416000465","article-title":"Homage to the \u201cH\u201d in Developmental Origins of Health and Disease","volume":"8","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lis-Kuberka, J., Pupek, M., and Orczyk-Pawi\u0142owicz, M. (2023). The Mother\u2013Child Dyad Adipokine Pattern: A Review of Current Knowledge. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15184059"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.08.013","article-title":"Human Breast Milk: A Review on Its Composition and Bioactivity","volume":"91","author":"Andreas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.172","article-title":"The Influence of Overweight and Obesity on Longitudinal Trends in Maternal Serum Leptin Levels during Pregnancy","volume":"19","author":"Misra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zielinska-Pukos, M.A., Kopiasz, \u0141., and Hamulka, J. (2024). The Effect of Maternal Overweight\/Obesity on Serum and Breastmilk Leptin, and Its Associations with Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Health Indices, and Maternal Diet: The BLOOM Study. Metabolites, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14040221"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4148","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2290","article-title":"Maternal Pregravid Weight Is the Primary Determinant of Serum Leptin and Its Metabolic Associations in Pregnancy, Irrespective of Gestational Glucose Tolerance Status","volume":"97","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.a2018.0076","article-title":"Adipokines and C-Peptide in Overweight and Obese Pregnant Women","volume":"89","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4161\/adip.29805","article-title":"Relationship of Circulating Adipokines to Body Composition in Pregnant Women","volume":"4","author":"Ozias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"338","article-title":"The Assessment of Leptin Concentration and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Relation to the Body Mass Index since 20th Week of Pregnancy","volume":"80","author":"Brzozowska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"CC01","article-title":"Time Course of Changes in Leptin Levels and Their Relationships with Oxidant Status Biomarkers in Pregnant Women with Obesity","volume":"14","author":"Malti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kugananthan, S., Gridneva, Z., Lai, C.T., Hepworth, A.R., Mark, P.J., Kakulas, F., and Geddes, D.T. (2017). Associations between Maternal Body Composition and Appetite Hormones and Macronutrients in Human Milk. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030252"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22409","article-title":"Relationship of Maternal Weight Status Before, During, and After Pregnancy with Breast Milk Hormone Concentrations","volume":"27","author":"Whitaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamanillo, R., S\u00e1nchez, J., Serra, F., and Palou, A. (2019). Breast Milk Supply of MicroRNA Associated with Leptin and Adiponectin Is Affected by Maternal Overweight\/Obesity and Influences Infancy BMI. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112589"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12182","article-title":"Associations between Human Breast Milk Hormones and Adipocytokines and Infant Growth and Body Composition in the First 6 Months of Life","volume":"12","author":"Fields","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-016-0184-y","article-title":"Maternal Adipokines and Insulin as Biomarkers of Pregnancies Complicated by Overweight and Obesity","volume":"8","author":"Vernini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2007.123","article-title":"Plasma Adiponectin Concentrations in Non-Pregnant, Normal and Overweight Pregnant Women","volume":"35","author":"Nien","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2018.1512572","article-title":"Plasma Adipokine Concentrations in Overweight\/Obese Pregnant Women: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"35","author":"Suto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521002932","article-title":"The Association of Pre-Pregnancy BMI on Leptin, Ghrelin, Adiponectin and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Breast Milk: A Case-Control Study","volume":"127","author":"Koc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"650.32","article-title":"Maternal Body Mass Index and Presence of Appetite Regulating Hormones and Other Factors in Human Breast Milk","volume":"31","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"ETSU Fac. Work."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518002933","article-title":"Associations of Breast Milk Adiponectin, Leptin, Insulin and Ghrelin with Maternal Characteristics and Early Infant Growth: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"120","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.1106","article-title":"Adiponectin Is Present in Human Milk and Is Associated with Maternal Factors","volume":"83","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christensen, S.H., Lewis, J.I., Larnkj\u00e6r, A., Fr\u00f8ki\u00e6r, H., Allen, L.H., M\u00f8lgaard, C., and Michaelsen, K.F. (2022). Associations between Maternal Adiposity and Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Human Milk Are Mediated through Maternal Circulating Concentrations and Might Affect Infant Outcomes. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1025439"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.189","article-title":"Adiponectin, Leptin and Insulin in Breast Milk: Associations with Maternal Characteristics and Infant Body Composition in the First Year of Life","volume":"42","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0986-x","article-title":"Association of Serum Ghrelin with Weight Gain during Pregnancy in Overweight and Normal Women","volume":"42","author":"Tehranian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2005.08.006","article-title":"Ghrelin Is Present in Human Colostrum, Transitional and Mature Milk","volume":"27","author":"Aydin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010778","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010778","article-title":"Impact of Maternal BMI and Sampling Strategy on the Concentration of Leptin, Insulin, Ghrelin and Resistin in Breast Milk across a Single Feed: A Longitudinal Cohort Study","volume":"6","author":"Andreas","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/08903344221112946","article-title":"Influence of Maternal Body Fat on Levels of Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, and Obestatin","volume":"38","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"84","article-title":"Relationship Between Maternal and Fetal Resistin Levels in Obesity Nnd Normal to Anthropometry Newborn Babies","volume":"3","author":"Anggraini","year":"2018","journal-title":"JoM"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric14010013","article-title":"Resistin in Urine and Breast Milk: Relation to Type of Feeding and Anthropometry at 1-Month","volume":"14","author":"Santosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu009","article-title":"Maternal Cardiac Metabolism in Pregnancy","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Meng, Y., Shi, Y., Fang, H., and Zhang, L. (2023). Maternal Hepatic Immunology during Pregnancy. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1220323"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, H., Li, Q., Wang, H., Ren, Y., Zhang, L., and Yang, L. (2024). Maternal Nutrient Metabolism in the Liver during Pregnancy. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1295677"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2107269118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107269118","article-title":"Pregnancy and Weaning Regulate Human Maternal Liver Size and Function","volume":"118","author":"Bartlett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2011.07.009","article-title":"The Heart During Pregnancy","volume":"64","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312017","article-title":"Metabolic Coordination of Physiological and Pathological Cardiac Remodeling","volume":"123","author":"Gibb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01741-0","article-title":"Neuroanatomical Changes Observed over the Course of a Human Pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Pritschet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64239-4.00002-3","article-title":"Neurophysiological and Cognitive Changes in Pregnancy","volume":"171","author":"Grattan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.122608","article-title":"Pregnancy and Pituitary Disorders: Challenges in Diagnosis and Management","volume":"17","author":"Laway","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2023-0018","article-title":"Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy","volume":"23","author":"Yap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5589492","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5589492","article-title":"Lipid Metabolism in Pregnancy Women with Hypothyroidism and Potential Influence on Pregnancy Outcome","volume":"2024","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1978.tb15835.x","article-title":"De A Morphological Study of the Endocrine Pancreas in Human Pregnancy","volume":"85","author":"Aerts","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24176","article-title":"Changes in Abdominal Adipose Tissues and Ectopic Fat Depots during Pregnancy Are Dissociated from Gestational Weight Gain","volume":"33","author":"Mogensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2025, September 29). Organ-Specific Alterations in Maternal Overweight|BioRender. Available online: https:\/\/app.biorender.com\/citation\/68d2f0f98c5f8d04aa2980c3."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubrano, C., Locati, F., Parisi, F., Anelli, G.M., Ossola, M.W., and Cetin, I. (2025). Gestational Weight Gain as a Modifiable Risk Factor in Women with Extreme Pregestational BMI. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040736"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3532","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3532","article-title":"Maternal Metabolic Factors and the Association with Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Habibi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plows, J.F., Stanley, J.L., Baker, P.N., Reynolds, C.M., and Vickers, M.H. (2018). The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1753","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i1753","article-title":"Clinical Risk Factors for Pre-Eclampsia Determined in Early Pregnancy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Large Cohort Studies","volume":"353","author":"Bartsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Barajas, J., Rueda-Quijano, S.M., Lopez-Lopez, C., and Felix, C. (2018). Obesity and Preeclampsia: Common Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01838"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomimatsu, T., Mimura, K., Matsuzaki, S., Endo, M., Kumasawa, K., and Kimura, T. (2019). Preeclampsia: Maternal Systemic Vascular Disorder Caused by Generalized Endothelial Dysfunction Due to Placental Antiangiogenic Factors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174246"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korolova, D., Suranyi, A., Pavlenko, A., Altorjay, A.T., Zhuk, S., Us, I., Melnyk, Y., Chernyshenko, V., and Vari, S.G. (2025). Obesity Is a Thrombotic Risk Factor in Pregnant Women. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155310"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.184127","article-title":"Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"James","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111810","article-title":"Obesity-Derived Alterations in the Lactating Mammary Gland: Focus on Prolactin","volume":"559","author":"Clapp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e213","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715165","article-title":"Impact of Excess Weight Gain on Risk of Postpartum Infection in Class III Obesity","volume":"10","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJP Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1348402","article-title":"Maternal Obesity and Risk of Post-Cesarean Wound Complications","volume":"31","author":"Conner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17128","article-title":"Impact of Obesity on Uterine Contractile Activity during Labour: A Blinded Analysis of a Randomised Controlled Trial Cohort","volume":"129","author":"Hautakangas","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2019.05.011","article-title":"Difficult Epidural Placement in Obese and Non-Obese Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Uyl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Obstet. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14841","article-title":"Maternal Prepregnancy Obesity and the Risk of Shoulder Dystocia: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-012-0215-z","article-title":"Obstetric Behavior and Pregnancy Outcome in Overweight and Obese Women: Maternal and Fetal Complications and Risks in Relation to Maternal Overweight and Obesity","volume":"62","author":"Meenakshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. India"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"602","article-title":"The Maternal Health Benefits of Breastfeeding","volume":"91","author":"SCHWARZ","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-019-00714-4","article-title":"Morphological, Hormonal, and Molecular Changes in Different Maternal Tissues during Lactation and Post-Lactation","volume":"69","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athonvarangkul, D., and Wysolmerski, J.J. (2023). Crosstalk within a Brain-Breast-Bone Axis Regulates Mineral and Skeletal Metabolism during Lactation. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1121579"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026336505343","article-title":"Adaptations of Glucose Metabolism during Pregnancy and Lactation","volume":"2","author":"Bell","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2022.100288","article-title":"Lactation Alters the Relationship between Liver Lipid Synthesis and Hepatic Fat Stores in the Postpartum Period","volume":"63","author":"Casey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napso, T., Yong, H.E.J., Lopez-Tello, J., and Sferruzzi-Perri, A.N. (2018). The Role of Placental Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01091"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f6szer, T. (2021). Co-Evolution of Breast Milk Lipid Signaling and Thermogenic Adipose Tissue. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111705"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111697","article-title":"The Adaptation of Maternal Energy Metabolism to Lactation and Its Underlying Mechanisms","volume":"553","author":"Bordin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2478\/jtim-2022-0036","article-title":"Metabolic Adaptation in Lactation: Insulin-Dependent and -Independent Glycemic Control","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12946","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12946","article-title":"Central Actions of Insulin during Pregnancy and Lactation","volume":"33","author":"Ladyman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1103034","article-title":"The Reset Hypothesis: Lactation and Maternal Metabolism","volume":"26","author":"Stuebe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-013-9310-8","article-title":"Biology of Glucose Transport in the Mammary Gland","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2007.04.006","article-title":"Lactation Complicated by Overweight and Obesity: Supporting the Mother and Newborn","volume":"52","author":"Jevitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"96","article-title":"Body Mass Index and Risk of Inflammatory Breast Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"41","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-015-0046-5","article-title":"Reduced Breastfeeding Rates among Obese Mothers: A Review of Contributing Factors, Clinical Considerations and Future Directions","volume":"10","author":"Reifsnider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Breastfeed. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9003","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45110565","article-title":"Influence of Breastfeeding on the State of Meta-Inflammation in Obesity\u2014A Narrative Review","volume":"45","author":"Mazur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.3.487","article-title":"Breastfeeding and Postpartum Weight Retention in a Cohort of Brazilian Women","volume":"79","author":"Kac","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.05.014","article-title":"Association between Breastfeeding Duration and Postpartum Weight Retention of Lactating Mothers: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loy, S.L., Chan, H.G., Teo, J.X., Chua, M.C., Chay, O.M., and Ng, K.C. (2024). Breastfeeding Practices and Postpartum Weight Retention in an Asian Cohort. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132172"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.069","article-title":"Leptin in Leanness and Obesity: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"77","author":"Perakakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00008","article-title":"Narrative Review: The Role of Leptin in Human Physiology: Emerging Clinical Applications","volume":"152","author":"Kelesidis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Dornbush, S., and Aeddula, N.R. (2023). Physiology, Leptin. StatPearls, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obradovic, M., Sudar-Milovanovic, E., Soskic, S., Essack, M., Arya, S., Stewart, A.J., Gojobori, T., and Isenovic, E.R. (2021). Leptin and Obesity: Role and Clinical Implication. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.585887"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003298","article-title":"Nutrients and Bioactive Components of Human Milk After One Year of Lactation: Implication for Human Milk Banks","volume":"74","author":"Puta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)03010-2","article-title":"Leptin and Reproduction: A Review","volume":"77","author":"Moschos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"420","article-title":"The Involvement of Leptin in the Regulation of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary Axis","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"Post\u0119py Nauk. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2018.tb00002.x","article-title":"Leptin Function and Regulation","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.06.041","article-title":"The Levels of Leptin, Adiponectin, and Resistin in Normal Weight, Overweight, and Obese Pregnant Women with and without Preeclampsia","volume":"193","author":"Hendler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5603\/AH.a2022.0003","article-title":"Leptin in Obesity and Hypertension","volume":"26","author":"Bhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arter. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(99)00091-5","article-title":"Differences in MRNA Expression of the Proteins Secreted by the Adipocytes in Human Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissues","volume":"1500","author":"Dusserre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2001.tb00305.x","article-title":"Smoking Related to Plasma Leptin Concentration in Pregnant Women and Their Newborn Infants","volume":"90","author":"Helland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arroyo-Jousse, V., Jaramillo, A., Casta\u00f1o-Moreno, E., L\u00e9pez, M., Carrasco-Neg\u00fce, K., and Casanello, P. (2020). Adipokines Underlie the Early Origins of Obesity and Associated Metabolic Comorbidities in the Offspring of Women with Pregestational Obesity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis., 1866.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.165558"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Knegt, V.E., Hedley, P.L., Kanters, J.K., Thagaard, I.N., Krebs, L., Christiansen, M., and Lausten-Thomsen, U. (2021). The Role of Leptin in Fetal Growth during Pre-Eclampsia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094569"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2023.09.005","article-title":"Role of Leptin in the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia","volume":"142","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"Jaiswar, S.P., Priyadarshini, A., Jaiswar, S.P., and Priyadarshini, A. (2021). Leptin and Female Reproductive Health. Weight Management-Challenges and Opportunities, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.11.035","article-title":"Role of Leptin in Pregnancy: Consequences of Maternal Obesity","volume":"34","author":"Tessier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"875","article-title":"Leptin as a Breast Milk Component for the Prevention of Obesity","volume":"76","author":"Palou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-00720-5","article-title":"The Impact of Maternal Obesity and Breast Milk Inflammation on Developmental Programming of Infant Growth","volume":"75","author":"Enstad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"714","article-title":"Associations Among Maternal Adiposity, Insulin and Adipokines in Circulation and Human Milk","volume":"37","author":"Bahorski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4358-1-21","article-title":"Leptin Concentration in Breast Milk and Its Relationship to Duration of Lactation and Hormonal Status","volume":"1","author":"Ilcol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Breastfeed. J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.03.004","article-title":"Leptin Determination in Colostrum and Early Human Milk from Mothers of Preterm and Term Infants","volume":"87","author":"Eilers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03979","article-title":"Serum Leptin Measured in Early Pregnancy Is Higher in Women with Preeclampsia Compared with Normotensive Pregnant Women","volume":"65","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/obesities4010003","article-title":"The Potential Role of Leptin in the Regulation of Maternal Weight during Pregnancy and Its Impact on Neonate Weight and Apgar","volume":"4","author":"Fonseca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obesities"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branham, K.K.R., Sherman, E., Golzy, M., Drobnis, E.Z., and Schulz, L.C. (2022). Association of Serum Leptin at 24\u201328 Weeks Gestation with Initiation and Progression of Labor in Women. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19868-0"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3998","article-title":"Exploring Potential Health Disparities in Excessive Gestational Weight Gain","volume":"22","author":"Krukowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148391","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/148391","article-title":"Risk Factors for Excessive Gestational Weight Gain in a Healthy, Nulliparous Cohort","volume":"2014","author":"Restall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"7015626","article-title":"Maternal and Fetal Lipid and Adipokine Profiles and Their Association with Obesity","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Logan, C.A., Bornemann, R., Koenig, W., Reister, F., Walter, V., Fantuzzi, G., Weyermann, M., Brenner, H., Genuneit, J., and Rothenbacher, D. (2017). Gestational Weight Gain and Fetal- Maternal Adiponectin, Leptin, and CRP: Results of Two Birth Cohorts Studies. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41847"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacroix, M., Battista, M.C., Doyon, M., Moreau, J., Patenaude, J., Guillemette, L., M\u00e9nard, J., Ardilouze, J.L., Perron, P., and Hivert, M.F. (2016). Higher Maternal Leptin Levels at Second Trimester Are Associated with Subsequent Greater Gestational Weight Gain in Late Pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0842-y"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20345","article-title":"Presence and Dynamics of Leptin, GLP-1, and PYY in Human Breast Milk at Early Postpartum","volume":"21","author":"Schueler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334420954160","article-title":"Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Human Milk: A Plausible Biological Factor for Obesity Risk Reduction?","volume":"37","author":"Schueler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2014.222.x","article-title":"Breast Milk Leptin and Adiponectin in Relation to Infant Body Composition up to 2 Years","volume":"10","author":"Brunner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savino, F., Sardo, A., Rossi, L., Benetti, S., Savino, A., and Silvestro, L. (2016). Mother and Infant Body Mass Index, Breast Milk Leptin and Their Serum Leptin Values. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8060383"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.75","article-title":"Human Milk Insulin Is Related to Maternal Plasma Insulin and BMI: But Other Components of Human Milk Do Not Differ by BMI","volume":"71","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa098","article-title":"Human Milk Composition Differs by Maternal BMI in the First 9 Months Postpartum","volume":"112","author":"Sims","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0200-4","article-title":"Determinants of Leptin in Human Breast Milk: Results of the Ulm SPATZ Health Study","volume":"43","author":"Logan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2018.tb00036.x","article-title":"Adiponectin Regulation and Function","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achari, A.E., and Jain, S.K. (2017). Adiponectin, a Therapeutic Target for Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061321"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H.M., Doss, H.M., and Kim, K.S. (2020). Multifaceted Physiological Roles of Adiponectin in Inflammation and Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041219"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2014.08.001","article-title":"Adiponectin and Insulin Cross Talk: The Microvascular Connection","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoramipour, K., Chamari, K., Hekmatikar, A.A., Ziyaiyan, A., Taherkhani, S., Elguindy, N.M., and Bragazzi, N.L. (2021). Adiponectin: Structure, Physiological Functions, Role in Diseases, and Effects of Nutrition. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041180"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbe, A., Bongrani, A., Mellouk, N., Estienne, A., Kurowska, P., Grandhaye, J., Elfassy, Y., Levy, R., Rak, A., and Froment, P. (2019). Mechanisms of Adiponectin Action in Fertility: An Overview from Gametogenesis to Gestation in Humans and Animal Models in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071526"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0264-x","article-title":"Adiponectin in Human Pregnancy: Implications for Regulation of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"49","author":"Catalano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4161\/adip.24953","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Depot and Cell Size Dependency of Adiponectin Synthesis and Secretion in Human Obesity","volume":"2","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.02028.x","article-title":"Effect of Obesity and Insulin Sensitivity on Adiponectin Isoform Distribution","volume":"38","author":"Kaser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-1039","article-title":"Adiponectin Oligomers as Potential Indicators of Adipose Tissue Improvement in Obese Subjects","volume":"169","author":"Capasso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00031.2020","article-title":"Adiponectin Synthesis, Secretion and Extravasation from Circulation to Interstitial Space","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/10641950600912976","article-title":"Serum Adiponectin Levels in Normal and Hypertensive Pregnancy","volume":"25","author":"Kriketos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pheiffer, C., Dias, S., Jack, B., Malaza, N., and Adam, S. (2021). Adiponectin as a Potential Biomarker for Pregnancy Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031326"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02744.x","article-title":"Adiponectin in Breast Milk: Relation to Serum Adiponectin Concentration in Lactating Mothers and Their Infants","volume":"101","author":"Savino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_249_17","article-title":"Maternal and Infantile Adiponectin as Marker for Anthropometric Parameters of Lactating Mothers and Their Breast-Fed Infants","volume":"22","author":"Fakhreldin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.6.1743","article-title":"Maternal Hormones Linking Maternal Body Mass Index and Dietary Intake to Birth Weight","volume":"87","author":"Jansson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-020-00152-0","article-title":"Serum Adipocytokines and Adiposity as Predictive Indices of Preeclampsia","volume":"26","author":"Bawah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4074","article-title":"Patterns of Adiponectin Expression in Term Pregnancy: Impact of Obesity","volume":"99","author":"Haghiac","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100053","article-title":"The Association of Maternal Obesity and Race with Serum Adipokines in Pregnancy and Postpartum: Implications for Gestational Weight Gain and Infant Birth Weight","volume":"3","author":"Jara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"234709","article-title":"Effect of Ghrelin on Glucose-Insulin Homeostasis: Therapeutic Implications","volume":"2010","author":"Cordido","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"90","article-title":"Ghrelin-Physiological Functions and Regulation","volume":"11","author":"Abdalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"518909","article-title":"Structure and Physiological Actions of Ghrelin","volume":"2013","author":"Delporte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)"},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"LE01","article-title":"Ghrelin O Acyl Transferase (GOAT) as a Novel Metabolic Regulatory Enzyme","volume":"9","author":"Khatib","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, Z.T., and Luo, Q. (2022). Molecular Mechanisms and Health Benefits of Ghrelin: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194191"},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"Young, E.R., and Jialal, I. (2023). Biochemistry, Ghrelin. StatPearls, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"619","article-title":"Ghrelin: Much More than a Hunger Hormone","volume":"16","author":"Pradhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2020.1863740","article-title":"Ghrelin as a Prominent Endocrine Factor in Stress-Induced Obesity","volume":"25","author":"Geenen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00493.x","article-title":"Active and Total Ghrelin Concentrations Increase in Breast Milk during Lactation","volume":"96","author":"Ilcol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171050","article-title":"Desacyl-Ghrelin, Not Just an Inactive Form of Ghrelin? A Review of Current Knowledge on the Biological Actions of Desacyl-Ghrelin","volume":"167","author":"Iwakura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, T., Ida, T., Shiimura, Y., Matsui, K., Oishi, K., and Kojima, M. (2022). Insights into the Regulation of Offspring Growth by Maternally Derived Ghrelin. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.852636"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181ec41ed","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Obestatin and Ghrelin Levels and the Ghrelin\/Obestatin Ratio with Respect to Obesity","volume":"341","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(06)77011-X","article-title":"Ghrelin in Pregnancy and Lactation","volume":"77","author":"Fuglsang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02257.x","article-title":"Ghrelin and Its Relationship to Growth Hormones during Normal Pregnancy","volume":"62","author":"Fuglsang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2010.03100.x","article-title":"Ghrelin and Adiponectin Levels in Colostrum, Cord Blood and Maternal Serum","volume":"52","author":"Cesur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105937","article-title":"Relationship between Psychological Stress and Ghrelin Concentrations in Pregnant Women with Overweight or Obesity","volume":"146","author":"Lindsay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2006.09.005","article-title":"Elevated Serum Acylated (Biologically Active) Ghrelin and Resistin Levels Associate with Pregnancy-Induced Weight Gain and Insulin Resistance","volume":"76","author":"Palik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.03.020","article-title":"Presence of Obestatin in Breast Milk: Relationship among Obestatin, Ghrelin, and Leptin in Lactating Women","volume":"24","author":"Aydin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000334106","article-title":"Obestatin: An Interesting but Controversial Gut Hormone","volume":"59","author":"Lacquaniti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-011-9453-6","article-title":"Biological Effects of Obestatin","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villarreal, D., Pradhan, G., Zhou, Y., Xue, B., and Sun, Y. (2022). Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and Obestatin. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040517"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2007.08.005","article-title":"Obestatin and Ghrelin in Obese and in Pregnant Women","volume":"28","author":"Fontenot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lis-Kuberka, J., Berghausen-Mazur, M., and Orczyk-Pawi\u0142owicz, M. (2025). Evaluation of Selected Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines in Colostrum from Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010040"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1159\/000345876","article-title":"Ghrelin and Obestatin in Infants, Lactating Mothers and Breast Milk","volume":"78","author":"Savino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2015.09.002","article-title":"Maternal Serum Ratio of Ghrelin to Obestatin Decreased in Preeclampsia","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12674","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12674","article-title":"Maternal Obesity and Inflammatory Mediators: A Controversial Association","volume":"77","author":"Pendeloski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490331","article-title":"Plasma Resistin, Adiponectin and Leptin Levels in Lean and Obese Subjects: Correlations with Insulin Resistence","volume":"149","author":"Silha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI16521","article-title":"Adipose-Derived Resistin and Gut-Derived Resistin-like Molecule\u2013\u03b2 Selectively Impair Insulin Action on Glucose Production","volume":"111","author":"Rajala","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2024.20.1.5","article-title":"The Placental Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Molecular Perspective","volume":"20","author":"Calvo","year":"2024","journal-title":"touchREVIEWS Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.3.860","article-title":"Human Resistin Gene, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes: Mutation Analysis and Population Study","volume":"51","author":"Sentinelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15322","article-title":"Resistin in Metabolism, Inflammation, and Disease","volume":"287","author":"Tripathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5789","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.9.5789","article-title":"Resistin, an Adipokine with Potent Proinflammatory Properties","volume":"174","author":"Bokarewa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2009.24.4.695","article-title":"Association of Plasma Levels of Resistin with Subcutaneous Fat Mass and Markers of Inflammation but Not with Metabolic Determinants or Insulin Resistance","volume":"24","author":"Won","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.061","article-title":"Resistin: A Hormone Which Induces Insulin Resistance Is Increased in Normal Pregnancy","volume":"191","author":"Nien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20040225","article-title":"Alterations of Serum Resistin in Normal Pregnancy and Pre-Eclampsia","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, D.J., and Hill, T.G. (2024). Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Adaptive Changes in the Maternal and Fetal Pancreas Have Implications for Future Metabolic Health. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1456629"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytox.2021.100052","article-title":"Resistin in Pregnancy: Analysis of Determinants in Pairs of Umbilical Cord Blood and Maternal Serum","volume":"3","author":"Floeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine X"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fro\u0144, A., and Orczyk-Pawi\u0142owicz, M. (2023). Understanding the Immunological Quality of Breast Milk in Maternal Overweight and Obesity. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245016"},{"key":"ref_197","unstructured":"(2025, September 23). Impact of Maternal Obesity\u2013Related Adipokine Alter|BioRender. Available online: https:\/\/app.biorender.com\/citation\/68b453fce066110bf1676ffa."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156612","article-title":"Serum Levels of Sirtuins, Leptin and Adiponectin in Women with Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension","volume":"179","author":"Fryczak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ormindean, C.M., Ciortea, R., M\u0103lu\u021ban, A.M., Bucuri, C.E., Diculescu, D.M., Iuhas, C.I., Porumb, C.G., Ormindean, V., Roman, M.P., and Nati, I.D. (2025). Adipokines as Potential Biomarkers in Pregnancy: A Naturalistic Study of Adipokines in Pregnant Women and Newborns. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15050607"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154172","article-title":"The Role of Serum Adipokine Levels in Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review","volume":"106","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.04.036","article-title":"Serum Levels of Leptin, Adiponectin and Resistin in Relation to Clinical Characteristics in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia","volume":"458","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.09.013","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Fetal Growth Restriction with and without Preeclampsia","volume":"115","author":"Schoots","year":"2021","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, N., Schmidt, N., Schmidt, L., Merz, W.M., Brockmeier, K., D\u00f6tsch, J., Bae-Gartz, I., Mahabir, E., and Joisten, C. (2023). Effect of Lifestyle Interventions during Pregnancy on Maternal Leptin, Resistin and Offspring Weight at Birth and One Year of Life. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020447"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-023-00885-1","article-title":"Physical Exercise for a Healthy Pregnancy: The Role of Placentokines and Exerkines","volume":"73","author":"Pahlavani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001333","article-title":"Adipokines in Early and Mid-Pregnancy and Subsequent Risk of Gestational Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study in a Multiracial Cohort","volume":"8","author":"Francis","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solis-Paredes, M., Estrada-Gutierrez, G., Perichart-Perera, O., Montoya-Estrada, A., Guzm\u00e1n-Huerta, M., Borboa-Olivares, H., Bravo-Flores, E., Cardona-P\u00e9rez, A., Zaga-Clavellina, V., and Garcia-Latorre, E. (2018). Key Clinical Factors Predicting Adipokine and Oxidative Stress Marker Concentrations among Normal, Overweight and Obese Pregnant Women Using Artificial Neural Networks. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010086"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.02.008","article-title":"The Role of Adiponectin and Adipolin as Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines in the Formation of Macrophage Foam Cells and Their Association with Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"54","author":"Sargolzaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihai, M., Vladut, S., Sonia-Teodora, L., Laura Mihaela, S., Victoria, N., Irina Elena, M., and Claudiu, M. (2024). Correlation between Overweight, Obesity, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Adipokines (Adipolin and Adiponectin), and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Pilot Study. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60091544"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12394","article-title":"Bioactive Components in Human Milk Are Differentially Associated with Rates of Lean and Fat Mass Deposition in Infants of Mothers with Normal vs. Elevated BMI","volume":"13","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-017-9382-y","article-title":"Impact of Metabolic Hormones Secreted in Human Breast Milk on Nutritional Programming in Childhood Obesity","volume":"22","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_211","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Effect of Maternal Obesity on Lactation: Systematic Review","volume":"26","author":"Lepe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.030254","article-title":"Breastfeeding after Cesarean Delivery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of World Literature","volume":"95","author":"Prior","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leghi, G.E., Netting, M.J., Lai, C.T., Narayanan, A., Dymock, M., Rea, A., Wlodek, M.E., Geddes, D.T., and Muhlhausler, B.S. (2021). Reduction in Maternal Energy Intake during Lactation Decreased Maternal Body Weight and Concentrations of Leptin, Insulin and Adiponectin in Human Milk without Affecting Milk Production, Milk Macronutrient Composition or Infant Growth. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061892"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-012-0193-z","article-title":"The Relationship between Ghrelin and Adiponectin Levels in Breast Milk and Infant Serum and Growth of Infants during Early Postnatal Life","volume":"62","author":"Cesur","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03585.x","article-title":"Can Hormones Contained in Mothers\u2019 Milk Account for the Beneficial Effect of Breast-Feeding on Obesity in Children?","volume":"71","author":"Savino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13087","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.13087","article-title":"Leptin and Adiposity Measures from Birth to Later Childhood: Findings from the HAPO Follow-Up Study","volume":"19","author":"DeLacey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.07.052","article-title":"Gestational Glucose Tolerance and Cord Blood Leptin Levels Predict Slower Weight Gain in Early Infancy","volume":"158","author":"Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0431","article-title":"Cord Blood Leptin and Gains in Body Weight and Fat Mass during Infancy","volume":"175","author":"Chaoimh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_219","first-page":"499","article-title":"Programming of Adiposity in Childhood and Adolescence: Associations with Birth Weight and Cord Blood Adipokines","volume":"102","author":"Simpson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21519","article-title":"A Narrative Review of the Associations between Six Bioactive Components in Breast Milk and Infant Adiposity","volume":"24","author":"Fields","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref_221","first-page":"4162","article-title":"Response of Leptin to Short-Term and Prolonged Overfeeding in Humans","volume":"81","author":"Kolaczynski","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.126375","article-title":"Alterations in Human Milk Leptin and Insulin Are Associated with Early Changes in the Infant Intestinal Microbiome","volume":"103","author":"Lemas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heslehurst, N., Vieira, R., Akhter, Z., Bailey, H., Slack, E., Ngongalah, L., Pemu, A., and Rankin, J. (2019). The Association between Maternal Body Mass Index and Child Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002817"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023061466","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-061466","article-title":"Maternal Pre-Pregnancy BMI, Breastfeeding, and Child BMI","volume":"153","author":"Shipp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2021.0138","article-title":"Breastfeeding Associations with Childhood Obesity and Body Composition: Findings from a Racially Diverse Maternal-Child Cohort","volume":"18","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child. Obes."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.48","article-title":"Additive Interactions of Maternal Prepregnancy BMI and Breast-Feeding on Childhood Overweight","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12344","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12344","article-title":"Obese Women Experience Multiple Challenges with Breastfeeding That Are Either Unique or Exacerbated by Their Obesity: Discoveries from a Longitudinal, Qualitative Study","volume":"13","author":"Garner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahav, Y., and Harison, E. (2025). Donate or Not to Donate-Willingness to Donate and Accept Donor Human Milk. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142359"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/19\/9757\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:50:09Z","timestamp":1760035809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/19\/9757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":228,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26199757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26199757","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]}}}