{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:35:38Z","timestamp":1772159738696,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Podkarpackie Innovation Center","award":["36\/UR\/1\/DG\/PCI\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["36\/UR\/1\/DG\/PCI\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), P3HB, is a biodegradable polymer produced and stored by different bacterial strains, including Ralstonia eutropha H16. P3HB was used to prepare biocompatible composites modified by nanocellulose. This study aimed to assess selected thermal, mechanical, and biological properties of the obtained nanobiocomposites. Thermal properties, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry measurements, were established. The crystallinity of nanocomposites and polymeric matrix was investigated using DSC analyses. The morphology of the nanocomposites was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency confirmed the immunosafety of the tested nanocomposites and noted they had either no or very low levels of endotoxin contamination. Some mechanical properties of the investigated materials were also measured and are presented here. It was estimated that the addition of 1% by mass of nanocrystalline cellulose to P3HB causes the greatest improvement in the plasticization of the material, characterised by the best processing and utility properties. The processing window of nanobiocomposites was extended by approximately 25 \u00b0C in reference to the unfilled poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Mechanical and thermal tests revealed that the most desirable properties oscillate around the addition of 0.5% and 1% nanocrystalline cellulose by mass in the nanobiocomposites. Biological studies on implant applications have shown that the addition of only 0.5% nanofiller to a nanobiocomposite can be of key importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T14:06:53Z","timestamp":1759932413000},"page":"9795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Improving Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Properties Using Nanocellulose in Biomedical Applications: Thermal, Mechanical and Biological Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7436-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Maternia-Dudzik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"O\u017c\u00f3g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7035-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Bober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1319-6199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Oliwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5515-8575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Oleksy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5565-2100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Kamizela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2086-7832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szyszkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Hospital in Kielce, 25-736 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Rafi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5231-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Gonciarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5938-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Gancarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3445-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Czerniecka-Kubicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A., Aguirre, C., P\u00e9rez, A., Bahamonde, S.S., Urtuvia, V., D\u00edaz-Barrera, A., and Pe\u00f1a, C. 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