{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:09:49Z","timestamp":1760144989358,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fluoride is a widespread environmental toxin that disrupts metabolic and endocrine functions, but its impact on pancreatic inflammation and hormone secretion remains unclear. This study examined how chronic fluoride exposure affects pancreatic inflammation and secretory function in rats. Pregnant Wistar rats received sodium fluoride (NaF) at 50 mg\/L in drinking water during gestation and lactation. Male offspring continued exposure until 3 months old. Controls received fluoride-free water. Pancreatic tissue and serum were collected. Fluoride levels were measured potentiometrically. Eicosanoids were quantified by SPE and HPLC. Serum insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin were measured by ELISA. Histological and biochemical markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed. Fluoride exposure did not lead to significant accumulation in the pancreas or serum. However, fluoride-exposed rats exhibited a significant decrease in serum insulin and somatostatin concentrations, while glucagon levels remained unchanged. Additionally, the pancreas of fluoride-treated animals showed markedly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, including prostaglandin E2, leukotrienes A4 and B4, and HETE\/HODE derivatives, indicating activation of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. Sustained low-dose fluoride exposure induced pancreatic inflammation and disrupted endocrine homeostasis in rats. These findings suggest that chronic fluoride intake may impair insulin secretion and promote pre-diabetic alterations, warranting further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:50:16Z","timestamp":1760107816000},"page":"9817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure to Fluoride During Pregnancy and Lactation Induces Metabolic Imbalance in Pancreas: A Toxicological Insight Using the Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Sk\u00f3rka-Majewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5987-7120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"\u017bwiere\u0142\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arleta","family":"Drozd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Microbiology and Human Nutrition Physiology, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Baranowska-Bosiacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-0364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donata","family":"Simi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2777-874X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Wszo\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Gutowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.07.145","article-title":"Pre- and postnatal exposition to fluorides induce changes in rats liver morphology by impairment of antioxidant defense mechanisms and COX induction","volume":"211","author":"Dec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.10.008","article-title":"Fluoride: A review of pre-clinical and clinical studies","volume":"56","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. 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