{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:00:46Z","timestamp":1792036846710,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sistema de Administraci\u00f3n de Programa y Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["20230994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230994"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stress is a predisposing factor for pulmonary diseases; however, its effects on the lungs of healthy individuals have not been fully elucidated. Since bovine lactoferrin (bLf) is a powerful immunomodulator, this study aimed to evaluate whether lactoferrin can modulate the effects of chronic stress on humoral and cellular immunity in the lungs. We performed chronic restraint stress (RS) and oral administration of bLf in a BALB\/c model, assessing serum corticosterone, body weight, and various lung immunity parameters, including immunoglobulin concentrations in serum and tracheobronchial lavages (TBLs), secretory IgA (S-IgA) levels in TBLs, IgA-secreting plasma cells, relative expression of pIgR, CD4+ lymphocyte Th1 and Th2 populations, and antigen-presenting cell (APC) populations in the lungs. Our results demonstrate that stress increases corticosterone and production of total IgA and IgG, while decreasing levels of IgM and S-IgA, promotes a Th1\/Th2 profile imbalance, and decreases APC populations. Interestingly, bLf modulates serum corticosterone levels and stress-induced weight loss, and it also modulates humoral and cellular effects produced by chronic stress. These results demonstrate that bLf should be considered a new therapeutic target for further studies, focusing on prophylactic and co-therapeutic administration to treat and prevent respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T13:41:29Z","timestamp":1760449289000},"page":"10000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oral Administration of Bovine Lactoferrin Modulates the Effects of Chronic Stress on the Immune Response of the Lungs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3146-8178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariazell","family":"Y\u00e9pez-Ortega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3867-3306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick Jos\u00e9","family":"Z\u00e1rate-Ay\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9446-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crhistian Axel","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Calvillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6471-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belen","family":"Mendoza-Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. 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San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0283-1812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Pacheco-Y\u00e9pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5526-0489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica de Nutrici\u00f3n Especializada B\u00e9ke, San Sebasti\u00e1n, Texcoco 56130, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3241-4274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda de los \u00c1ngeles","family":"G\u00f3mez-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. 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