{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T05:54:27Z","timestamp":1792907667946,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cervical cancer is a major global health concern with serious implications for women\u2019s health. It is most often caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. However, about 5\u201311% of cervical carcinoma cases are HPV-independent, entities with their own unique set of histopathological, molecular, and clinical features. The histopathological forms of HPV-independent cervical cancer include gastric-type adenocarcinoma, clear-cell, mesonephric, and endometrioid carcinoma. Unlike HPV-associated cervical cancers, which require E6 and E7 oncogenes for their expression, HPV-independent tumors exhibit specific mutations such as TP53, PIK3CA, KRAS, STK11, and PTEN. These mutations lead to alternative oncogenic pathways. Diagnosis of HPV-independent cervical adenocarcinoma is often delayed because of possible misclassification as endometrial adenocarcinomas, which frequently results from inadequate HPV testing. This often leads to advanced presentation stages, higher rates of lymphovascular invasion, and, in many cases, a reduced response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy\u2014though outcomes can vary across histotypes and selected patient subgroups\u2014due to the immune-cold tumor microenvironment. Although these morphologic and molecular characteristics describe tumors that are very difficult to manage, PI3K\/mTOR and KRAS inhibitors may offer potential therapeutic options for selected patients. This review focuses on the pathogenic and molecular mechanisms, histopathological features, prognosis, and therapeutic difficulties of HPV-independent cervical cancers. Moreover, it provides a comprehension of contemporary issues in diagnostic methods and some new therapeutic approaches, suggesting the need for precision medicine in this aggressive type of cervical cancer. Further studies are necessary to enhance early detection, improve treatment results, and increase survival rates for patients with HPV-independent cervical cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:29:38Z","timestamp":1760599778000},"page":"10051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["HPV-Independent Cervical Cancer\u2014A New Challenge of Modern Oncology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ruxandra Maria","family":"Hurjui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ion Andrei","family":"Hurjui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6524-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tudor Andrei","family":"Bu\u021bureanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Mother and Child Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cElena Doamna\u201d Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 49 Elena Doamna Street, 700398 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8974-9761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Popovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Mother and Child Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cElena Doamna\u201d Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 49 Elena Doamna Street, 700398 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena-Roxana","family":"Av\u0103d\u0103nei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Grigore T. 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