{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:05:47Z","timestamp":1789070747086,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cFinanciamiento Basal para Centros Cient\u00edficos y Tecnol\u00f3gicos de Excelencia de ANID\u201d Centro Ciencia & Vida","award":["FB210008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FB210008"]}]},{"name":"\u201cAgencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID)\u201d","award":["FONDECYT-1210013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT-1210013"]}]},{"name":"\u201cAgencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID)\u201d","award":["FONDECYT-1250021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT-1250021"]}]},{"name":"\u201cAgencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID)\u201d","award":["FONDECYT 1250646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT 1250646"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since colonic dopamine levels are markedly reduced during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we investigated how dopamine affects regulatory T-cells (Treg), which critically limit gut inflammation. Previously, we showed that the stimulation of the high-affinity dopamine receptor D3 (Drd3) impairs suppressive Treg activity and limits their recruitment into the colon upon gut inflammation. Here we study the role of the low-affinity dopamine receptor Drd2 in Treg. We find that mice harbouring Drd2-deficient T-cells developed more severe colitis induced by dextran sodium sulphate. The stimulation of Drd2 potentiated the suppressive Treg activity and increased their ability to reach the colonic tissue. A transcriptomic analysis of intestinal mucosa from IBD patients revealed an association with increased DRD3 and reduced DRD2 expression. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays revealed that Drd2 and Drd3 form a heteromer. An in situ proximity ligation assay indicated that the Drd2:Drd3 heteromer was expressed on colonic Treg, and its expression was increased upon inflammation. Using peptides analogous to the transmembrane (TM) segments from Drd2 and Drd3 in bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we found TM peptides able to disassemble this heteromer. The heteromer disassembly dampened the suppressive Treg activity and impaired the recruitment of Treg into the colon upon inflammation. Our findings indicate that the Drd2:Drd3 heteromer constitutes a dopamine sensor that regulates suppressive Treg activity and their colonic recruitment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T12:17:02Z","timestamp":1760617022000},"page":"10069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Heteromeric Dopamine Receptor D2:D3 Controls the Gut Recruitment and Suppressive Activity of Regulatory T-Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jacob","family":"Mora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Avenida Del Valle Norte #725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580702, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Providencia, Santiago 7510156, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6271-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iu","family":"Ra\u00efch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Ugalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Avenida Del Valle Norte #725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580702, Chile"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Arturo L\u00f3pez P\u00e9rez OECI Cancer Center, Providencia, Santiago 7500921, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4654-0873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7015-9058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Avenida Del Valle Norte #725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580702, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Providencia, Santiago 7510156, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9885-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia M.","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Regeneration of the Central Nervous System Unit, Biomedical Science Research Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4080000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Avenida Del Valle Norte #725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580702, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Avenida Del Valle Norte #725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580702, Chile"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Arturo L\u00f3pez P\u00e9rez OECI Cancer Center, Providencia, Santiago 7500921, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinse","family":"Weersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2119-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranko","family":"Gacesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela A.","family":"Hermoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2549-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departmento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-9806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Avenida Del Valle Norte #725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580702, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Providencia, Santiago 7510156, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granlund, A., Flatberg, A., Ostvik, A.E., Drozdov, I., Gustafsson, B.I., Kidd, M., Beisvag, V., Torp, S.H., Waldum, H.L., and Martinsen, T.C. (2013). Whole genome gene expression meta-analysis of inflammatory bowel disease colon mucosa demonstrates lack of major differences between Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056818"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.08.036","article-title":"TH1 and TH17 interactions in untreated inflamed mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease, and their potential to mediate the inflammation","volume":"56","author":"Olsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306083","article-title":"Prolactin mediates psychological stress-induced dysfunction of regulatory T-cells to facilitate intestinal inflammation","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.172.6.1701","article-title":"OX-22high CD4+ T-cells induce wasting disease with multiple organ pathology: Prevention by the OX-22low subset","volume":"172","author":"Powrie","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mair, I., Zandee, S.E.J., Toor, I.S., Saul, L., McPherson, R.C., Leech, M.D., Smyth, D.J., O\u2019Connor, R.A., Henderson, N.C., and Anderton, S.M. (2018). A Context-Dependent Role for alphav Integrins in Regulatory T-cell Accumulation at Sites of Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00264"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6526","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.11.6526","article-title":"Cutting edge: TGF-beta signaling is required for the in vivo expansion and immunosuppressive capacity of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T-cells","volume":"173","author":"Huber","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.02.017","article-title":"Regulatory T-cell-derived interleukin-10 limits inflammation at environmental interfaces","volume":"28","author":"Rubtsov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2007.08.003","article-title":"Characterization of FOXP3+CD4+ regulatory T-cells in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"125","author":"Saruta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.03.043","article-title":"Peripheral and intestinal regulatory CD4+ CD25(high) T-cells in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"128","author":"Maul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013256629600","article-title":"Impaired synthesis or cellular storage of norepinephrine, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in human inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"47","author":"Magro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2004.01260.x","article-title":"Decreased availability of intestinal dopamine in transmural colitis may relate to inhibitory effects of interferon-gamma upon L-DOPA uptake","volume":"180","author":"Magro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco, R., Contreras, F., and Zouali, M. (2014). The dopaminergic system in autoimmune diseases. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00117"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"S23","article-title":"The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023\/24: G protein-coupled receptors","volume":"180","author":"Alexander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502420","article-title":"Dopamine Receptor D3 Signaling on CD4+ T-cells Favors Th1- and Th17-Mediated Immunity","volume":"196","author":"Contreras","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.05.003","article-title":"Dopamine receptors D3 and D5 regulate CD4(+)T-cell activation and differentiation by modulating ERK activation and cAMP production","volume":"284","author":"Franz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1288","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00341.2012","article-title":"Critical role of gut microbiota in the production of biologically active, free catecholamines in the gut lumen of mice","volume":"303","author":"Asano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgueta, D., Contreras, F., Prado, C., Montoya, A., Ugalde, V., Chovar, O., Villagra, R., Henriquez, C., Abellanas, M.A., and Aymerich, M.S. (2019). Dopamine Receptor D3 Expression Is Altered in CD4+ T-Cells from Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients and Its Pharmacologic Inhibition Attenuates the Motor Impairment in a Mouse Model. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00981"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11748","article-title":"Suppression of neuroinflammation by astrocytic dopamine D2 receptors via alphaB-crystallin","volume":"494","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.047","article-title":"Dopamine controls systemic inflammation through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"160","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3479","article-title":"Dopamine mediates vagal modulation of the immune system by electroacupuncture","volume":"20","author":"Yehia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.07.013","article-title":"Dopamine by itself activates either D2, D3 or D1\/D5 dopaminergic receptors in normal human T-cells and triggers the selective secretion of either IL-10, TNFalpha or both","volume":"169","author":"Besser","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"BR71","article-title":"Dopamine-induced protection against indomethacin-evoked intestinal lesions in rats--role of anti-intestinal motility mediated by D2 receptors","volume":"9","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9168-3","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptor polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease and the refractory response to treatment","volume":"51","author":"Magro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3698-5","article-title":"Role of Dopamine and D2 Dopamine Receptor in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"60","author":"Tolstanova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.12.012","article-title":"Oral tolerance can be established via gap junction transfer of fed antigens from CX3CR1(+) macrophages to CD103(+) dendritic cells","volume":"40","author":"Mazzini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6501","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.10.6501","article-title":"Imprinting of CCR9 on CD4 T-cells requires IL-4 signaling on mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells","volume":"180","author":"Elgueta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.09.015","article-title":"Gut-tropic T-cells that express integrin alpha4beta7 and CCR9 are required for induction of oral immune tolerance in mice","volume":"141","author":"Cassani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101387","article-title":"Inflammation switches the differentiation program of Ly6Chi monocytes from antiinflammatory macrophages to inflammatory dendritic cells in the colon","volume":"209","author":"Rivollier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.04.006","article-title":"The Heteromeric Complex Formed by Dopamine Receptor D5 and CCR9 Leads the Gut Homing of CD4(+) T-cells Upon Inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Navarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, J., Osorio-Barrios, F., Villanelo, F., Gutierrez-Maldonado, S.E., Vargas, P., Perez-Acle, T., and Pacheco, R. (2024). Chemokinergic and Dopaminergic Signalling Collaborates through the Heteromer Formed by CCR9 and Dopamine Receptor D5 Increasing the Migratory Speed of Effector CD4(+) T-Cells to Infiltrate the Colonic Mucosa. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.1063.v1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-00354-7","article-title":"Dopaminergic signalling limits suppressive activity and gut homing of regulatory T-cells upon intestinal inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Ugalde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.01.001","article-title":"Intestinal CCL25 expression is increased in colitis and correlates with inflammatory activity","volume":"68","author":"Trivedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21458-z","article-title":"Inflammation status modulates the effect of host genetic variation on intestinal gene expression in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20851","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.335273","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 form functional heteromers in brain","volume":"287","author":"Callen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.64","article-title":"Regulatory T-cells with superior immunosuppressive capacity emigrate from the inflamed colon to draining lymph nodes","volume":"11","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-022-00232-8","article-title":"Localization and movement of Tregs in gastrointestinal tract: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Harada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2023.2249525","article-title":"Circulating and intestinal regulatory T-cells in inflammatory bowel disease: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3432","article-title":"Pathogenic conversion of Foxp3+ T-cells into TH17 cells in autoimmune arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Komatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.08.220","article-title":"Dopamine receptor D2 on CD4(+) T-cells is protective against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5048","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203121","article-title":"Dopamine Receptor D3 Expressed on CD4+ T-cells Favors Neurodegeneration of Dopaminergic Neurons during Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"190","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.10.3444","article-title":"IL-10 acts on the antigen-presenting cell to inhibit cytokine production by Th1 cells","volume":"146","author":"Fiorentino","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.01.020","article-title":"Th17 cells express interleukin-10 receptor and are controlled by Foxp3(-) and Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T-cells in an interleukin-10-dependent manner","volume":"34","author":"Huber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio0309-131","article-title":"Building a new conceptual framework for receptor heteromers","volume":"5","author":"Ferre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3574-05.2006","article-title":"Presynaptic control of striatal glutamatergic neurotransmission by adenosine A1-A2A receptor heteromers","volume":"26","author":"Ciruela","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30308","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M102297200","article-title":"D2\/D3 dopamine receptor heterodimers exhibit unique functional properties","volume":"276","author":"Scarselli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8864","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.326678","article-title":"Functional homomers and heteromers of dopamine D2L and D3 receptors co-exist at the cell surface","volume":"287","author":"Pou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.06.059","article-title":"A proteomic approach to receptor signaling: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications derived from discovery of the dopamine D2 receptor signalplex","volume":"572","author":"Kabbani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5258","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.011538198","article-title":"Dopamine D2 and D3 receptors are linked to the actin cytoskeleton via interaction with filamin A","volume":"98","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000065531","article-title":"Dominant negative mutants of filamin A block cell surface expression of the D2 dopamine receptor","volume":"66","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e183676","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.183676","article-title":"BLIMP-1 and CEACAM1 cooperatively regulate human Treg homeostasis and function to control xenogeneic GVHD","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.2.848","article-title":"Dopamine selectively induces migration and homing of naive CD8+ T-cells via dopamine receptor D3","volume":"176","author":"Watanabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basova, L., Najera, J.A., Bortell, N., Wang, D., Moya, R., Lindsey, A., Semenova, S., Ellis, R.J., and Marcondes, M.C.G. (2018). Dopamine and its receptors play a role in the modulation of CCR5 expression in innate immune cells following exposure to Methamphetamine: Implications to HIV infection. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199861"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2019.05.004","article-title":"Interfering with leukocyte trafficking in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"38\u201339","author":"Biswas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000449077","article-title":"Leukocyte Anti-Trafficking Strategies: Current Status and Future Directions","volume":"35","author":"Sands","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.01.016","article-title":"Regulatory T-cell lineage specification by the forkhead transcription factor foxp3","volume":"22","author":"Fontenot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00067-2","article-title":"Dopamine autoreceptor regulation of release and uptake in mouse brain slices in the absence of D(3) receptors","volume":"112","author":"Joseph","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939938","article-title":"Retinoic acid-induced gut tropism improves the protective capacity of Treg in acute but not in chronic gut inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Menning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0823-8","article-title":"Detection of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 within basal ganglia output neurons in macaques: Changes following experimental parkinsonism","volume":"220","author":"Sierra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Law, A.M.K., Yin, J.X.M., Castillo, L., Young, A.I.J., Piggin, C., Rogers, S., Caldon, C.E., Burgess, A., Millar, E.K.A., and O\u2019Toole, S.A. (2017). Andy\u2019s Algorithms: New automated digital image analysis pipelines for FIJI. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15885-6"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/20\/10069\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T04:12:29Z","timestamp":1760760749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/20\/10069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262010069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262010069","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]}}}