{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T23:42:18Z","timestamp":1789947738264,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022YFE0209700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0209700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81370299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81370299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82170008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["2019A078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A078"]}]},{"name":"National College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["2021A082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A082"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alpinetin, a distinctive plant-derived dihydroflavonoid from cardamom seeds, represents an under-explored chemical scaffold compared to common flavonoids like quercetin or kaempferol. While many flavonoids have shown general cardioprotective potential, the structural specificity of alpinetin may confer unique pharmacological advantages. Inspired by its historical use in traditional Chinese medicine for cardiac discomfort, this study systematically investigated its efficacy against acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In a rat AMI model, alpinetin demonstrated superior infarct size reduction and functional recovery relative to other tested flavonoids. It significantly attenuated key AMI pathologies\u2014including inflammatory infiltration, CD68+ macrophage activation, IL-6\/TNF-\u03b1 release, collagen deposition, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis\u2014more effectively than common flavonoid benchmarks. Mechanistically, alpinetin selectively targeted the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling axis with notable potency, a pathway not robustly modulated by other flavonoids in the screening. These findings not only validate the traditional wisdom of cardamom but also establish alpinetin as a structurally and mechanistically distinct flavonoid with high translational promise, offering a new candidate for the targeted treatment of ischemic heart disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T12:17:02Z","timestamp":1760617022000},"page":"10073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Alpinetin Alleviates Cardiac Inflammation and Remodeling via TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway in Rats with Acute Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mei","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2914-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinxiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical 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