{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:04:08Z","timestamp":1791403448426,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BNW-1-042\/N\/3\/K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-1-042\/N\/3\/K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Severe asthma is a chronic, difficult-to-treat disorder that significantly affects quality of life, and oral glucocorticosteroids are usually required. Many patients suffering from severe asthma exhibit T2 inflammation and may benefit from biological treatment. This study aims to evaluate changes in cytokine concentrations during therapy with benralizumab, dupilumab, and mepolizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma. Materials and Methods: In this prospective, single-center study, 39 patients with severe eosinophilic asthma received treatment with one of the above-mentioned biologics. Parameters, such as the cytokine profile (Human Th9\/Th17\/Th22 Luminex, Performance Assay 18-plex Fixed Panel, R&amp;D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and additionally the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ), mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (mini-AQLQ), spirometry (FEV1, FEV\/FVC), FeNO, and functional status, were assessed at baseline and after 3\u20134 months of therapy. Results: The biologic therapies demonstrated diverse effects on inflammatory biomarkers. Dupilumab showed the most pronounced decreases in CD40L, IL-6, and FeNO in comparison to other drugs. In turn, the greatest decrease in TNF-\u03b1 concentration was observed in the group treated with mepolizumab. Conclusion: Changes in cytokine concentrations highlight the heterogenous immunomodulatory mechanisms of biologics and support personalized strategies based on inflammatory profiles. However, the results should be interpreted with prudence, as the concentrations of cytokines in blood serum fluctuate and the study sample size is small.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T16:33:22Z","timestamp":1760632402000},"page":"10075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of Selected Serum Cytokines to Evaluate the Early Efficacy of Benralizumab, Dupilumab, and Mepolizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8644-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Niemiec-G\u00f3rska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Internal Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Medyk\u00f3w 14 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Labus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4228-9343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Mielcarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Chair and Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6339-9053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Gl\u00fcck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Internal Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Medyk\u00f3w 14 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8216-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenon","family":"Czuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Cyrnek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2464-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Branicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Internal Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Medyk\u00f3w 14 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9653-0801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Rymarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Internal Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Medyk\u00f3w 14 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Gawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Internal Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Medyk\u00f3w 14 Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hough, K.P., Curtiss, M.L., Blain, T.J., Liu, R.M., Trevor, J., Deshane, J.S., and Thannickal, V.J. (2020). Airway Remodeling in Asthma. Front. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00191"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8712-1","article-title":"Understanding Asthma Phenotypes, Endotypes, and Mechanisms of Disease","volume":"56","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-273417","article-title":"Interleukin-1 in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"117","author":"Dinarello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050580","article-title":"Evidence of a Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1 in Refractory Asthma","volume":"354","author":"Berry","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.029","article-title":"Use of Biomarkers to Identify Phenotypes and Endotypes of Severe Asthma","volume":"121","author":"Carr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maspero, J., Adir, Y., Al-Ahmad, M., Celis-Preciado, C.A., Colodenco, F.D., Giavina-Bianchi, P., Lababidi, H., Ledanois, O., Mahoub, B., and Perng, D.W. (2022). Type 2 Inflammation in Asthma and Other Airway Diseases. ERJ Open Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00576-2021"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-1944CI","article-title":"Role of Biologics in Asthma","volume":"199","author":"McGregor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaa078","article-title":"IL-6 in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Hirano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30048-0","article-title":"Plasma Interleukin-6 Concentrations, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Asthma Severity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Two Cohorts","volume":"4","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2007.03.001","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 in Asthma","volume":"7","author":"Berry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.10.028","article-title":"Targeting TNF-\u03b1: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Asthma","volume":"121","author":"Brightling","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5411","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.10.5411","article-title":"TNF-Alpha Mediates Recruitment of Neutrophils and Eosinophils during Airway Inflammation","volume":"154","author":"Lukacs","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00782.x","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism and Function of CD40\/CD40L Engagement in the Immune System","volume":"229","author":"Elgueta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v25.i2.20","article-title":"Platelet Activation and the CD40\/CD40 Ligand Pathway: Mechanisms and Implications for Human Disease","volume":"25","author":"Danese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"69","article-title":"CD40\/CD40 ligand interactions in immune responses and pulmonary immunity","volume":"73","author":"Kawabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nagoya J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"305","article-title":"The Role of CD40\/CD40L Pathway in the Biological Activity of Blood Platelets: Part I","volume":"9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Menopause Rev. Przegl\u0105d Menopauzalny"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.03.010","article-title":"IgE Production in CD40\/CD40L Cross-Talk of B and Mast Cells and Mediator Release via TGase 2 in Mouse Allergic Asthma","volume":"25","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-024-00427-5","article-title":"Progress of CCL20-CCR6 in the Airways: A Promising New Therapeutic Target","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00805-07","article-title":"Human Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 3\u03b1: Protein and Peptide Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Solution Structures, Dimerization, Dynamics, and Anti-Infective Properties","volume":"52","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/24755303231159106","article-title":"The Chemokine, CCL20, and Its Receptor, CCR6, in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.5.705","article-title":"Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 3\u03b1 Is Expressed at Inflamed Epithelial Surfaces and Is the Most Potent Chemokine Known in Attracting Langerhans Cell Precursors","volume":"192","author":"Massacrier","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0095OC","article-title":"Airway Epithelial Cells Release MIP-3\u03b1\/CCL20 in Response to Cytokines and Ambient Particulate Matter","volume":"28","author":"Reibman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02321.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of Immune Suppression by Interleukin-10 and Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2: The Role of T Regulatory Cells","volume":"117","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, T., Xie, M., and Sun, G. (2024). Association of Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index with Asthma and Asthma-Related Events: A Cross-Sectional NHANES-Based Study. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1400484"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2020.08.006","article-title":"Efficacy of Dupilumab and Biomarkers for Systemic Corticosteroid Na\u00efve Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis","volume":"70","author":"Tashiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.04.020","article-title":"IL-4R\u03b1 Signaling Promotes Barrier-Altering Oncostatin M and IL-6 Production in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease","volume":"154","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14506","article-title":"Severe Asthma ILC2s Demonstrate Enhanced Proliferation That Is Modified by Biologics","volume":"28","author":"Malik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"385","article-title":"Pharmacological Characterization of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Mepolizumab and Benralizumab in a Human Ex Vivo Model of Asthma","volume":"60","author":"Rogliani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v32.i1.30","article-title":"Role of Interleukin 10 Transcriptional Regulation in Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease","volume":"32","author":"Iyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2174\/156652408785160907","article-title":"Role of IL-10 in the Resolution of Airway Inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Ogawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.07.020","article-title":"Airway Proteomics Reveals Broad Residual Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Prednisolone in Mepolizumab-Treated Asthma","volume":"154","author":"Howell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010celakovsk\u00e1, J., \u010cerm\u00e1kov\u00e1, E., Boudkov\u00e1, P., and Krejsek, J. (2025). Evaluation of the Levels of Interleukins IL-4, IL-13, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-33 in Atopic Dermatitis Patients with and without Dupilumab Therapy. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1604883"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13491","article-title":"Mechanisms of Dupilumab","volume":"50","author":"Harb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109680","article-title":"Benralizumab Affects NK Cell Maturation and Proliferation in Severe Asthmatic Patients","volume":"253","author":"Bergantini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00700.x","article-title":"Regulation of Interleukin-12\/Interleukin-23 Production and the T-Helper 17 Response in Humans","volume":"226","author":"Lyakh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.5.1527","article-title":"Interleukin 12 Inhibits Antigen-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness, Inflammation, and Th2 Cytokine Expression in Mice","volume":"182","author":"Gavett","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3181bdd219","article-title":"Synergistic Induction of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3\u03b1\/CCL20 Production by Interleukin-17A and Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 in Nasal Polyp Fibroblasts","volume":"2","author":"Nonaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.08.002","article-title":"Th17-Mediated Inflammation in Asthma","volume":"25","author":"Newcomb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22452","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200150RR","article-title":"House Dust Mite-Induced Akt-ERK1\/2-C\/EBP Beta Pathway Triggers CCL20-Mediated Inflammation and Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition for Airway Remodeling","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60858-7","article-title":"Association of Airway Hyperresponsiveness with Reduced Quality of Life in Patients with Moderate to Severe Asthma","volume":"98","author":"Porsbjerg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201609-1830OC","article-title":"Role for NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated, IL-1\u03b2-Dependent Responses in Severe, Steroid-Resistant Asthma","volume":"196","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05382.x","article-title":"An Overview of Cytokines and Cytokine Antagonists as Therapeutic Agents","volume":"1182","author":"Donnelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.11.025","article-title":"Cytokine Testing and Challenges for Diagnostic and Clinical Monitoring Use","volume":"155","author":"Knight","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-21-322","article-title":"Correlation Study of Cytokine Levels in Alveolar Lavage Fluid with Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Lung Function in Children with Bronchial Asthma","volume":"10","author":"Lou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ora, J., De Marco, P., Motta, E., Laitano, R., Calzetta, L., and Rogliani, P. (2024). Real-World Efficacy of Biological Therapies in Severe Asthma: A Focus on Small Airways. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195883"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemiec-G\u00f3rska, A., Branicka, O., Olszewska, P., Mielcarska, S., Gl\u00fcck, J., Rymarczyk, B., and Gawlik, R. (2025). The Comparative Effectiveness of Mepolizumab and Benralizumab in the Treatment of Eosinophilic Asthma. Adv. Respir. Med., 93.","DOI":"10.3390\/arm93040021"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"45","article-title":"Difficult-To-Treat and Severe Asthma: Can Real-World Studies on Effectiveness of Biological Treatments Change the Lives of Patients?","volume":"15","author":"Pelaia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pragmat. Obs. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franceschi, E., Drick, N., Welte, J.F.T., Suhling, H., Santus, P., Fischer, B., and Kayser, M. (2023). The Impact of Anti-Eosinophilic Therapy on Exercise Capacity and Inspiratory Muscle Strength in Patients with Severe Asthma. ERJ Open Res., 9.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4070429"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panagiotou, M., Koulouris, N., Koutsoukou, A., and Rovina, N. (2022). Daily Physical Activity in Asthma and the Effect of Mepolizumab Therapy. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12101692"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2025.100530","article-title":"Dupilumab Treatment and 3-Dimensional Bronchial Tree Changes in Asthma-COPD Overlap","volume":"4","author":"Kai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Glob."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murugesan, N., Saxena, D., Dileep, A., Adrish, M., and Hanania, N.A. (2023). Update on the Role of FeNO in Asthma Management. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13081428"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2021.1963769","article-title":"Blood Eosinophil Count and FeNO to Predict Benralizumab Effectiveness in Real-Life Severe Asthma Patients","volume":"59","author":"Watanabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Asthma"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/20\/10075\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T16:33:38Z","timestamp":1760632418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/20\/10075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms262010075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262010075","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]}}}