{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:55:29Z","timestamp":1792115729599,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005982","name":"Wroclaw University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The apelin\u2013ELABELA\u2013APJ axis, collectively known as the apelinergic system, has emerged as a key regulator of cardiovascular homeostasis. Acting through G-protein-coupled mechanisms, it modulates vascular tone, cardiac contractility, angiogenesis, fluid balance, and metabolism. Growing evidence indicates that dysregulation of apelinergic signaling contributes to the development and progression of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure. Experimental studies demonstrate cardioprotective actions of apelin and ELABELA, including anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, and pro-angiogenic effects, whereas some findings suggest context-dependent pro-atherogenic or vasoconstrictive roles. Clinical data show that circulating apelinergic peptides vary across cardiovascular conditions, being upregulated in acute coronary syndromes and diminished in chronic ischemic or hypertensive disease. In heart failure, early compensatory activation is followed by progressive depletion, and low ELABELA levels correlate with disease severity. Moreover, the apelinergic system may exert anti-arrhythmic effects through modulation of myocardial electrophysiology and structural remodeling. Novel synthetic APJ agonists and stabilized peptide analogs show promising preclinical efficacy in reducing cardiac remodeling, improving contractility, and lowering blood pressure. Altogether, the apelinergic pathway represents a multifaceted modulator and a promising therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine, warranting further translational studies to elucidate its diagnostic and treatment potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T16:33:22Z","timestamp":1760632402000},"page":"10087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Impact of the Apelinergic System on the Cardiovascular System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9801-2096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Wyderka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital, Emergency Medicine Center, Fieldorf 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Osuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital, Emergency Medicine Center, Fieldorf 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogus\u0142awa","family":"O\u0142pi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital, Emergency Medicine Center, Fieldorf 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"\u0141oboz-Rudnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital, Emergency Medicine Center, Fieldorf 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1377-5601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Diakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Biology, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-0452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Le\u015bk\u00f3w","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Biology, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Jaroch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital, Emergency Medicine Center, Fieldorf 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2018.tb00012.x","article-title":"Apelinergic System Structure and Function","volume":"8","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. 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