{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:43:25Z","timestamp":1792291405514,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis is a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory disease initiated by dysbiotic biofilms and driven by a dysregulated host immune response. Central to its pathogenesis is a complex network of cytokines, particularly interleukins, with both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory roles. This narrative review comprehensively analyzes current knowledge on the molecular biology, cellular sources, immune pathways, and systemic effects of key interleukins in periodontitis. We highlight the dual roles of interleukins such as IL-17 and IL-10, discuss recent advances in understanding their regulatory networks, and explore translational perspectives, including diagnostic biomarkers and cytokine-targeted therapies. Emphasis is placed on dissecting the fine balance between destructive inflammation and protective resolution mechanisms, aiming to inform novel, immune-modulatory treatment strategies for periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T16:33:22Z","timestamp":1760632402000},"page":"10094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in Periodontitis: Molecular Roles, Immune Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2876-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireya","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, M\u00e9xico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1872-1397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Lemus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Gen\u00f3mica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, M\u00e9xico City 14610, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, M., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Lemus, E. 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