{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T19:58:27Z","timestamp":1782935907778,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004935","name":"Suleyman Demirel University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TSG-2024-9515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSG-2024-9515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004935","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients undergoing thoracic surgery or intensive care are frequently exposed to high-voltage electric fields generated by medical devices; however, the duration-dependent effects of such exposure on lung tissue remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the histopathological and immunoinflammatory effects of exposure to a uniform 10 kV\/m electric field for varying durations using a rat model. Thirty-five adult female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 7): control, and 1, 5, 15, and 30 min exposure groups. Lung tissues were analyzed histologically with hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the immunohistochemical expression of IL-1\u03b2, RANKL, and TNF-\u03b1 was semi-quantitatively assessed. Histopathological examination revealed a duration-dependent increase in lung injury, with the 30 min group showing marked epithelial loss, mononuclear infiltration, edema, and vascular congestion (p &lt; 0.001). The expression of IL-1\u03b2, RANKL, and TNF-\u03b1 remained minimal in the 1\u201315 min groups but was significantly elevated in the 30 min group (p &lt; 0.001). These findings suggest that prolonged exposure to high-voltage electric fields induces substantial pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage, indicating the presence of a threshold beyond which inflammatory pathways are abruptly activated. These results highlight the importance of establishing safety guidelines for electric field exposure in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:29:17Z","timestamp":1760711357000},"page":"10125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Duration-Dependent Lung Injury Induced by High-Intensity Electric Field Exposure: Histopathological and Immunoinflammatory Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0641-5229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00fcleyman Emre","family":"Ak\u0131n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3850-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orhan","family":"\u0130meci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halil","family":"A\u015fc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arzu","family":"Ulusoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3614-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adem","family":"Milletsever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1835-1082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zlem","family":"\u00d6zmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sel\u00e7uk","family":"\u00c7\u00f6mlek\u00e7i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliseeva, S.I., Knowlden, Z.A., Lester, G.M., Dean, D.A., Georas, S.N., and Chapman, T.J. 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