{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:48:17Z","timestamp":1791308897210,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021\/03\/Y\/NZ4\/00214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/03\/Y\/NZ4\/00214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite significant progress in preclinical research aimed at developing effective therapies for the acute and long-term consequences of perinatal asphyxia, there is still a lack of clinical protocols to regenerate the neonatal brain damaged by hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury. To date, only therapeutic hypothermia is routinely used in neonates who have experienced perinatal asphyxia. It has been shown to be effective only in limiting the spread of brain damage caused by a cascade of molecular and biochemical events triggered by limited blood supply to the body\u2019s organs, including the fragile, developing brain. Ongoing clinical trials are exploring pharmacological approaches aimed at promoting neurogenesis and gliogenesis to repair damaged neural tissue, as well as modulating the neuroinflammation that results from the cellular response to HI injury. Among promising therapeutic agents, erythropoietin, and melatonin have emerged as major drugs with potential neuroprotective effects in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Erythropoietin is recognized for its anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting neural cell survival and regeneration. Melatonin acts as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, helping to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by HI injury. As clinical trials on suffering neonates are highly demanding, the ethical and practical concerns of therapeutic approaches are discussed. An urgent need to develop a safe, feasible, and effective clinical approach to promote the restoration of appropriate neurodevelopment in the near future is highlighted. This review summarizes the clinical trials conducted to date, discusses their outcomes and limitations, and considers translational potential of the tested treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T13:54:41Z","timestamp":1760968481000},"page":"10200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pharmacological Therapies for Consequences of Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury: Where Are We Now?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4006-5875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Gebala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0093-8173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Janowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1647-7711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Sypecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03261-w","article-title":"Prevalence of Hearing Impairment in Neonatal Encephalopathy Due to Hypoxia-Ischemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"97","author":"Pawale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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