{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:46:52Z","timestamp":1787741212837,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","award":["PROP-76129-ENDSI-UOO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROP-76129-ENDSI-UOO"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontal diseases are local bacterial infections that cause inflammation in periodontal (gum) tissues, significantly impacting a patient\u2019s quality of life. Current clinical treatment, such as scaling and root planing combined with antibiotics, shows drawbacks, including antibiotic resistance. The potential of plant-derived bioactives with antimicrobial properties has led to growing interest in the biomedical field. M\u0101nuka oil, an essential oil derived from the Leptospermum scoparium plant, is a potential candidate with known antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Formulation of natural oils for delivery, sustained release, and substantivity in the oral environment is challenging. The integration of nanoencapsulation technology offers the potential to prolong the release time, as well as enhance biocompatibility and address the current therapeutic requirements. Microfluidics enables precise nanoparticle synthesis, while chitosan, due to its antimicrobial activity, muco-adhesion, and biocompatibility, represents a promising encapsulation polymer. This paper aims to review antimicrobial essential oils and nanoencapsulation methods, highlighting the application of microfluidics in developing m\u0101nuka oil-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for local delivery in periodontal treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T15:20:12Z","timestamp":1760973612000},"page":"10201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Chitosan-Based Nanoencapsulation of M\u0101nuka Oil for Periodontal Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5412-0089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warwick J.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie J.","family":"Hughes-Medlicott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0157-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghsaq","family":"Alhamdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4242-6846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawn E.","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67728-8","article-title":"Periodontal diseases","volume":"366","author":"Pihlstrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, November 06). 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