{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T08:21:01Z","timestamp":1789201261104,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011755","name":"National Center for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ERA-Net Neuron International Grant No. 20\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-Net Neuron International Grant No. 20\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011755","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is frequently comorbid with persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), indicating shared neurobiological pathways that influence stress modulation, emotional regulation, and neurohormonal adaptation. This study examines the roles of serum biomarkers\u2014small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1), malondialdehyde (MDA), fractalkine (CX3CL1), and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1)\u2014involved in oxidative stress management, neuroimmune regulation, and neuronal proteostasis. In this cross-sectional analysis, biomarker expression was assessed in 92 male trauma-exposed participants aged 19\u201350 years, divided into three groups: PTSD duration \u2264 5 years (n = 33, median age 34.0 years [IQR 31.0\u201341.0]), PTSD duration &gt; 5 years (n = 31, median age 36.0 years [IQR 29.5\u201341.0]), and controls without current or past PTSD (n = 28, median age 33.5 years [IQR 24.3\u201341.5]). Participants were stratified into younger (19\u201334 years) and older (35\u201350 years) cohorts to account for age-related neurobiological variability. Dysthymic symptomatology was evaluated using the Cornell Dysthymia Rating Scale (CDRS), focusing on chronic subthreshold depressive features. Results indicated a significant association between PTSD and elevated dysthymic symptom burden (p &lt; 0.001), with both PTSD subgroups demonstrating mild to moderate CDRS severity compared to euthymic controls. Biomarker analysis revealed phase-dependent alterations: SUMO1 levels were significantly elevated in the \u22645 years PTSD group compared to controls (p = 0.002), suggesting early compensatory neuroprotection, whereas UCHL1 was markedly increased in the &gt;5 years PTSD group (p = 0.015), which is indicative of chronic neuronal damage and proteostatic disruption. No significant differences were observed in MDA or CX3CL1 across groups (p &gt; 0.05). These findings highlight PTSD\u2019s contribution to sustained affective dysregulation, potentially mediated by temporal shifts in oxidative stress and protein homeostasis markers. Clinically, this supports the utility of biomarker profiling for risk stratification, early intervention, and personalized therapeutic strategies, such as targeted modulation of SUMOylation or UCHL1 activity, to enhance neuroresilience and mitigate progression to severe mood disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T13:42:03Z","timestamp":1761054123000},"page":"10214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomolecular Correlates of Chronic Affective Dysregulation in PTSD: A Combined Assessment Using the Cornell Dysthymia Rating Scale (CDRS) and the Serum Markers SUMO1, MDA, CX3CL1, and UCHL1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7051-3092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Wo\u017any-Rasa\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Dlugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa, Waszyngtona 4\/8 Street, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5425-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa Alicja","family":"Og\u0142odek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Dlugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa, Waszyngtona 4\/8 Street, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.02.044","article-title":"Investigating associations between emotion dysregulation and DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using network analysis","volume":"377","author":"Dieujuste","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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