{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T02:02:03Z","timestamp":1779933723714,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, affecting 2.3 million and causing 670,000 deaths in women annually. However, data indicate that the risk of developing breast cancer decreases with pregnancy at a young age, and each subsequent pregnancy further reduces the risk by approximately 10%. One of the characteristics inherent in both the mammary gland epithelium in pregnant women and luminal epithelial adenocarcinomas is the increased expression of NIS\u2014the sodium\/iodide symporter, whose defective cytoplasmic forms possess pro-oncogenic properties. Therefore, the analysis of the degree of influence of pregnancy on NIS expression in breast cancer cells is of medical interest. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative morphological analysis of NIS expression in breast cancer cells according to the number of pregnancies of each patient. This study included 161 patients with triple-negative breast cancer who visited the P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute from 2020 to 2023. Immunohistochemical examination was performed using antibodies to NIS. The gravidity status of women was determined based on provided medical documentation. The degree of NIS expression was assessed using a modified Gainor scale. Statistical analysis was performed using mean and standard deviation (SD) depending on the normality of the distribution (Lilliefors test: p &gt; 0.20); a p-value \u2264 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The degree of correlation between variables was assessed using Kendall\u2019s tau rank correlation coefficient. A weak to moderate negative correlation (\u03c4: \u22120.369) was found between the number of pregnancies and the degree of NIS expression in triple-negative breast cancer cells. In patients with triple-negative breast cancer, a weak to moderate negative correlation was found between the degree of NIS expression and gravidity status. The discovered phenomenon is likely due to the terminal differentiation of the mammary gland epithelium that occurs during pregnancy. This may potentially indicate the suppression of pro-oncogenic properties of atypical cells developed from the epithelium that has undergone terminal differentiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26209947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T16:13:03Z","timestamp":1760717583000},"page":"9947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Parity and NIS Expression in Atypical Cells of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, and Prognosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8447-2600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grigory","family":"Demyashkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Oncomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, 2nd Botkinsky Pass., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Histology and Immunohistochemistry, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St., 8\/2, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1107-3753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Kogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Morphology and Digital Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St., 8\/2, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Demura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Morphology and Digital Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St., 8\/2, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Guzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Oncomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, 2nd Botkinsky Pass., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitriy","family":"Belokopytov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Oncomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, 2nd Botkinsky Pass., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3780-4358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim","family":"Batov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Oncomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, 2nd Botkinsky Pass., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3763-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Shchekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Oncomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, 2nd Botkinsky Pass., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Bicherova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University), Ostrovityanova St., 1, 117513 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Shegai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Oncomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, 2nd Botkinsky Pass., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Urology and Operative Nephrology, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Kaprin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Oncomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, 2nd Botkinsky Pass., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Urology and Operative Nephrology, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03502-3","article-title":"Global patterns and trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality across 185 countries","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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