{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:40:52Z","timestamp":1792806052633,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent autoimmune disease characterized by chronic joint inflammation. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among immune cells, leading to joint damage, primarily in the synovial membrane. MicroRNAs (miRs), single-stranded non-coding RNAs, play a critical role in regulating pathways affecting RA progression, particularly in fibroblast-like synoviocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Key pathways influenced by miRs include NF-\u03baB, apoptosis, PI3K\/AKT signaling, and cytokine production. Dysregulated miRs impact cell proliferation, survival, and inflammatory responses. This review explores not only the role of miRs in RA pathogenesis, but also highlights their potential as biomarkers for early detection and severity prediction. Moreover, therapeutic approaches targeting miRs, including mimics and inhibitors, show promise in animal models, with methods like intra-articular administration being favored due to better efficacy and reduced side effects. While early studies highlight potential pathways for RA treatment, challenges remain in translating these findings into safe and effective clinical therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26209950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T16:13:03Z","timestamp":1760717583000},"page":"9950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["microRNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Filip","family":"Machaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Litewska 14\/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Chmielewska-Jeznach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Litewska 14\/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Koryszewska-Bagi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Litewska 14\/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8393-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Malinowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6557-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7090-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ol\u0119dzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Litewska 14\/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.13103","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review","volume":"320","author":"Aletaha","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27425","article-title":"Is the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis rising?: Results from Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1955\u20132007","volume":"62","author":"Myasoedova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(05)70201-5","article-title":"The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"27","author":"Gabriel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. 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