{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:00:10Z","timestamp":1792036810271,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peptide mapping is a well-established method for confirming the identity of therapeutic proteins as part of batch release testing and product characterization for regulatory filings. Traditionally based on enzymatic digestion followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and UV detection, the method has evolved with technological advancements to incorporate mass spectrometry (MS), enabling more detailed structural insights. Residue-level confirmation of amino acid sequences requires MS\/MS fragmentation, which produces large amounts of data that must be processed using specialized software. In regulated environments, the use of academic algorithms is often limited by validation requirements, making it necessary to rely on commercially approved tools, although their built-in scoring systems have limitations that can affect sequence assignment accuracy. Here, we present representative examples of incorrect peptide assignments generated by commercial software. In antibody sequence analysis, misidentifications resulted from isobaric and near-isobaric dipeptides (e.g., SA vs. GT). Additional examples from the analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants revealed software-induced artifacts, including artificial succinylation of aspartic acid residues to compensate for sequence mismatches, and incorrect deamidation site assignments due to misinterpretation of isotopic peaks. These findings underscore the necessity for expert manual review of MS\/MS data, even when using validated commercial platforms, and highlight the molecular challenges in distinguishing true sequence variants from software-driven artifacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26209962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T16:13:03Z","timestamp":1760717583000},"page":"9962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Peptide Mapping for Sequence Confirmation of Therapeutic Proteins and Recombinant Vaccine Antigens by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Software Limitations, Pitfalls, and Lessons Learned"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0812-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Dobrowolski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Mabion S.A., Langiewicza 60, 95-050 Konstantyn\u00f3w \u0141\u00f3dzki, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, \u017beligowskiego 7\/9, 90-752 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Urbaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Mabion S.A., Langiewicza 60, 95-050 Konstantyn\u00f3w \u0141\u00f3dzki, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Pietrucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, \u017beligowskiego 7\/9, 90-752 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.1.106","article-title":"Expression in Escherichia Coli of Chemically Synthesized Genes for Human Insulin","volume":"76","author":"Goeddel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. 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