{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:36:49Z","timestamp":1792629409860,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pregnancy is a unique physiological state associated with profound hormonal, metabolic, and immunological changes that may affect ocular surface homeostasis. Among these changes, fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone are the most consistent factors contributing to the development or exacerbation of dry eye syndrome (DES), although insulin resistance and maternal immune tolerance may also play a role in modulating disease severity. Current evidence suggests that DES can affect between 20% and 50% of pregnant women, most commonly during the second and third trimesters. Symptoms are often mild and self-limiting, but they can negatively impact quality of life and adherence to prenatal care. Importantly, however, current consensus reports such as TFOS DEWS III emphasize that pregnancy has not been established as a confirmed risk factor for DES and the evidence remains inconclusive despite the biological plausibility of hormonal influences. This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DES in pregnancy, highlights diagnostic approaches and safe management strategies tailored for pregnant women, and emphasizes the importance of awareness among obstetricians and ophthalmologists. Greater recognition of DES in pregnancy may improve patient comfort and prevent long-term ocular complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26209990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T15:20:12Z","timestamp":1760973612000},"page":"9990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pregnancy and Dry Eye Syndrome: A Review for Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2758-0282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Jaruchowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISPL Marta Jaruchowska, 13-200 Dzia\u0142dowo, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Przybek-Skrzypecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital, 03-709 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Skrzypecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. 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